The reference to 37 sensors and actuators has been widely circulated on the Internet. In fact, there must be more than 37 sensor modules compatible with Arduino. In view of the fact that I have accumulated some sensor and actuator modules on hand, according to the concept of practice to get true knowledge (must be done), for the purpose of learning and communication, I am going to try a series of experiments one by one, regardless of success (the program goes through) or not, They will be recorded - small progress or unsolvable problems, hoping to inspire others.
[Arduino] 168 kinds of sensor module series experiment (data code + simulation programming + graphic programming)
experiment 121: Sharp SHARP PM2.5 dust/dust sensor GP2Y1014AU0F with wire
Knowledge point: fine particulate matter
Also known as fine particles, fine particles, PM2.5. Fine particulate matter refers to particulate matter in the ambient air with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns. It can be suspended in the air for a long time, and the higher its concentration in the air, the more serious the air pollution. Although PM2.5 is only a small component of the earth's atmospheric composition, it has an important impact on air quality and visibility. Compared with coarser atmospheric particles, PM2.5 has a small particle size, large area, strong activity, and is easy to attach toxic and harmful substances (such as heavy metals, microorganisms, etc.), and has a long residence time in the atmosphere and a long transportation distance. Therefore, it has a greater impact on human health and atmospheric environmental quality. In February 2013, the National Committee for the Examination of Scientific and Technical Terms named the Chinese name of PM2.5 as fine particulate matter. The chemical composition of fine particulate matter mainly includes organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), nitrate, sulfate, ammonium salt, sodium salt (Na⁺), etc.
Sources of fine particulate matter
The composition of particulate matter is complex and mainly depends on its source. There are mainly two kinds of natural sources and man-made sources, but the latter is the most harmful. In academia, it is divided into primary aerosol (Primary aerosol) and secondary aerosol (Secondary aerosol).
natural source
Natural sources include soil dust (containing oxide minerals and other constituents), sea salt (the second largest source of particulate matter, which has a composition similar to seawater), plant pollen, spores, bacteria, etc. Disaster events in nature, such as volcanic eruptions discharge a large amount of volcanic ash into the atmosphere, forest fires or exposed coal field fires and dust storms will transport a large amount of fine particles into the atmosphere.
man-made source
Man-made sources include stationary and mobile sources. Stationary sources include all kinds of fuel combustion sources, such as power generation, metallurgy, petroleum, chemical, textile printing and dyeing and other industrial processes, heating, cooking process coal and gas or smoke emissions from fuel. The flow source is mainly the exhaust gas discharged into the atmosphere when various vehicles use fuel during operation. PM2.5 can be converted from sulfur and nitrogen oxides. These gaseous pollutants are often caused by humans burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, etc.) and garbage. In developing countries, coal combustion is the main way to heat and supply homes with energy. Diesel vehicles without advanced exhaust treatment are also sources of particulate matter. For trucks that burn diesel, impurities in the emissions lead to more particulate matter. Indoors, secondhand smoke is the most important source of particulate matter. The source of particulate matter is incomplete combustion, so as long as it is a tobacco product that relies on combustion, it will produce seriously harmful particulate matter. The use of better quality cigarettes is only the smoker's self-comfort, and may even cause more serious damage due to the lower odor. Great harm; the same applies to burning gold paper, burning incense and burning mosquito coils. But cooking for 5 minutes, PM2.5 increased by 20 times is a misreading.
atmospheric chemical reaction
In addition to natural and man-made sources, gaseous precursor pollutants in the atmosphere will generate secondary particulates through atmospheric chemical reactions, realizing the phase transition from gas to particles. For example: H₂SO₄+NH₃——NH₄HSO₄, etc., in which gaseous sulfuric acid comes from the gaseous reaction of OH radicals oxidizing sulfur dioxide SO₂. Salt hydrates: such as xCl·yH₂O, xNO₃·yH₂O, xSO₄·yH₂O, as the humidity changes, hydrates have a greater impact on PM2.5, water not only forms hydrates with salt compounds, but also forms hydrates due to changes in humidity Tiny solution droplets of salt.
The main hazards of fine particulate matter
Although fine particulate matter is only a small component of the earth's atmospheric composition, it has an important impact on air quality and visibility. Compared with coarser atmospheric particulate matter, fine particulate matter has a smaller particle size, contains a large amount of toxic and harmful substances, and has a longer residence time in the atmosphere and a longer transportation distance, so it has a greater impact on human health and atmospheric environmental quality. Studies have shown that the smaller the particles, the greater the harm to human health. Fine particles can float to farther places, so the impact area is larger. Fine particles are more harmful to human health, because the smaller the diameter, the deeper the part that enters the respiratory tract. Particles with a diameter of 10 μm are usually deposited in the upper respiratory tract, and those below 2 μm can penetrate deep into the bronchioles and alveoli. After fine particles enter the human body to the alveoli, they directly affect the ventilation function of the lungs, making the body prone to hypoxia.
About 2.1 million people die every year around the world due to the increase in the concentration of particulate matter such as PM2.5
It is reported that the "Global Environmental Outlook 5" released by the United Nations Environment Program in 2012 pointed out that 700,000 people die of respiratory diseases caused by ozone every year, and nearly 2 million premature deaths are related to particulate matter pollution. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) also published a research report, which stated that the average life expectancy of human beings has probably been shortened by 5 and a half years because of air pollution.
London poisonous smog incident
The poisonous smog incident on December 5, 1952 was one of the most tragic moments in London's history. The poisonous smog caused at least 4,000 deaths, countless Londoners had difficulty breathing, traffic was paralyzed for several days, and millions of people were affected.
World Health Organization for the first time identified PM2.5 as carcinogenic
On October 17, 2013, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a subsidiary of the World Health Organization, issued a report for the first time identifying air pollution as carcinogenic to humans, and regarded it as a common and major environmental carcinogen. However, although air pollution has been proposed as an overall carcinogenic factor, its harm to the human body may be the result of the simultaneous action of several major pollutants it contains.
damage organs
Long-term exposure to particles can cause cardiovascular and respiratory disease, as well as lung cancer. When the concentration of PM2.5 in the air is higher than 10μg/m³ for a long time, the risk of death will increase. For each concentration increase of 10 μg/m³, the risk of total death increased by 4%, the risk of death caused by cardiopulmonary disease increased by 6%, and the risk of death caused by lung cancer increased by 8%. In addition, PM2.5 is very easy to adsorb organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals, which significantly increases the probability of carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic.
affect the climate
It is generally believed that PM2.5 is just air pollution. In fact, the impact of PM2.5 on the overall climate may be worse. PM2.5 can affect cloud formation and rainfall processes, and indirectly affect climate change. Condensation nuclei of rainwater in the atmosphere, in addition to the salt in seawater, fine particulate matter PM2.5 is also an important source. Under some conditions, there is too much PM2.5, which may "eat" water, so that the cloud droplets in the sky will not grow, and the blue sky and white clouds will become fewer than before; under some conditions, PM2.5 will increase condensation nuclei The number of raindrops in the sky increases, and heavy rain may occur in extreme cases.
Fine particulate matter precautions
Do not open windows in foggy weather. You must wear a mask when you go out, and drink plenty of water. You can drink more traditional Chinese medicine teas such as chrysanthemum and chrysanthemum tea to prevent diseases, eat more fruits, and deeply clean your skin and hair after returning home. In addition, you like morning exercises and grocery shopping. The elderly should pay attention to reduce going out, because the smog is extremely harmful to the health of the elderly.
Wear a mask when going out
drink more tea
Adequate vitamin D supplementation
Eat a light diet and drink plenty of water
Eat more vegetable
Minimize going out in foggy weather
pay attention to speed when driving
When going out, do a self-protection, wear a special anti-smog PM2.5 mask, anti-smog nose mask, filter PM2.5, and breathe fresh air anytime, anywhere.
Avoid exercising in fog. You can do morning exercises after the sun comes out. It can also be changed to indoor exercise.
The patient insisted on taking the medicine. Patients with respiratory diseases and patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases must insist on taking medicine on time in foggy days
Don't close the windows too tightly. You can choose to open the windows for a short period of time when the sun is more abundant and the pollutants are less at noon.
Stay as far away from the road as possible. During rush hour and at night when large vehicles enter the urban area, the concentration of pollutants is the highest.
Supplement calcium, supplement vitamin D, eat more tofu, Sydney, etc.
GP2Y1014AU0F Sharp dust sensor
The dust (dust) sensor is an upgraded version of the optical quality sensor. Infrared light-emitting diodes and phototransistors are placed diagonally inside, enabling it to detect dust reflections, even very small particles such as tobacco smoke can be detected , usually used in air purification systems, can measure tiny particles above 0.8 microns, sense smoke and pollen produced by tobacco, house dust, etc. Small size, light weight, easy to install, widely used in air purifiers, ventilation air conditioners, ventilation fans and other products.
It is particularly effective at detecting very fine particles, such as cigarette smoke, and is commonly used in air purifier systems. In this device, an infrared LED and phototransistor are arranged diagonally to allow it to detect light reflected from dust in the air. The sensor has extremely low current consumption (20mA max, 11mA typical) and can be powered up to 7VDC. The output is an analog voltage proportional to the measured dust concentration with a sensitivity of 0.5V/0.1mg/m3.
Sharp dust sensor module parameters
Power supply voltage: 5-7V
Working temperature: -10-65 degrees Celsius
Current consumption: 20mA max
Minimum particle detection value: 0.8 microns
Sensitivity: 0.5V/(0.1mg/m3)
Voltage in clean air: 0.9V typical
Working temperature: -10~65℃
Storage temperature: -20~80℃
Service life: 5 years
Size: 46mm×30mm×17.6mm
Weight size: 15g
Sharp dust sensor module detection principle
The principle is as shown in the figure below. There is a hole in the center of the sensor to allow air to flow freely, and emit LED light in a directional way. The dust content can be judged by detecting the light refracted by the dust in the air.
Module Reference Circuit Schematic
Wiring diagram of Arduino experiment
Arduino experiment open source code
/*
【Arduino】168种传感器模块系列实验（资料代码+仿真编程+图形编程）
实验一百二十一：夏普SHARP PM2.5 灰尘/粉尘传感器 GP2Y1014AU0F 带线
项目：模块测试
GP2Y1014AU0F Arduino Pin
1 Vled –> 5V (150ohm resistor)
2 LED-GND –> GND
3 LED –> Digital pin 2
4 S-GND –> GND
5 Vo –> Analog pin 0
6 Vcc –> 5V
LED引脚必须调节成1ms的周期。
*/
int dustPin=0;
float dustVal=0;
int ledPower=2;
int delayTime=280;
int delayTime2=40;
float offTime=9680;
void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledPower,OUTPUT);
pinMode(dustPin, INPUT);
}
void loop(){
// ledPower is any digital pin on the arduino connected to Pin 3 on the sensor
digitalWrite(ledPower,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(delayTime);
dustVal=analogRead(dustPin);
delayMicroseconds(delayTime2);
digitalWrite(ledPower,HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(offTime);
delay(1000);
if (dustVal>36.455)
Serial.println((float(dustVal/1024)-0.0356)*120000*0.035);
}
The data obtained from the test and the air quality comparison:
3000 + = very poor
1050-3000 = poor
300-1050 = fair
150-300 = good
75-150 = very good
0-75 = very good
Hehe, the air quality in the experimental site is so-so...
When smoke is detected, the experimental serial port plotter returns the status
Arduino experiment scene diagram
Experimental open source graphics programming (Mind+, programming while learning)
Experimental open source simulation programming (Linkboy V4.62)
