This operation returns information for a number of specimens selected according to the parameters you provide. Depending on the output block you choose, the response will contain some fields describing the specimens and some describing the events and collections (if any) associated with them.
"specimen_no","record_type","flags","occurrence_no","reid_no","collection_no","specimen_id","is_type","specelt_no","specimen_side","specimen_part","specimen_sex","n_measured","measurement_source","magnification","comments","identified_name","identified_rank","identified_no","difference","accepted_name","accepted_rank","accepted_no","max_ma","min_ma","reference_no""18740","spm","","408082","0","28366","USNM 4934","holotype","","right","scapula","","1","table","","","Stegosaurus stenops","species","56491","","Stegosaurus stenops","species","56491","155.7","145","12769""18741","spm","","408082","0","28366","USNM 4934","holotype","","both","humerus","","1","table","","mean of left and right","Stegosaurus stenops","species","56491","","Stegosaurus stenops","species","56491","155.7","145","12769""18742","spm","","408082","0","28366","USNM 4934","holotype","","right","ulna","","1","table","","","Stegosaurus stenops","species","56491","","Stegosaurus stenops","species","56491","155.7","145","12769"
parameter
If you wish to retrieve the entire set of specimen records entered into this database, you can use the following parameters. Use with caution as the result set will contain over 130,000 records and be at least 25 megabytes in size.
all_records : Selects all fossil occurrence records entered in the database, depending on any other parameters you may specify. This parameter does not require any value.
The following parameters can be used to specify the type of specimen you are interested in
spectype : Selects specimens based on whether they are paratype or holotype. Acceptable values include:
holo
只选择全息模式。
para
只选择正模式和副模式。
any
选择所有标本。这是默认值。
The following parameters can be used to query specimens by various criteria
You can use them in any combination, except as described below. If all_records is not specified, at least one selection parameter from the following table must be specified.
spec_id : A comma-separated list of sample identifiers. Samples identified by these identifiers are selected provided they meet any other parameters given in this request.
occ_id : A comma-separated list of fossil occurrence record identifiers. Selects the specified yield records if they meet the other parameters of this request. You can also use the parameter name id . You can also use this parameter with any other parameter to filter the list of known matches based on other criteria.
coll_id : A comma-separated list of collection record IDs. Selects all fossil occurrence records related to the specified collection record, provided the collection records meet the other parameters of this request.
clust_id : Returns only records related to the specified geographic cluster. You can specify one or more cluster IDs separated by commas.
coll_match : Returns a string matching the collection_name and collection_aka fields. Only yield records that are part of a matching collection record are returned. Strings can contain wildcards % and _ . In fact, unless you put % at the beginning and/or end of the string, you won't match anything.
coll_re : Similar to coll_match , the only difference is that this accepts a regular expression. You can use | either or both, and all standard regular expressions including \ can be used.
base_name : Returns only records associated with a specific taxon name, including all subgroups and synonyms. You can specify multiple names separated by commas. You can use ^ to exclude arbitrary names. For example, Osteichthyes^Tetrapoda will select all Osteichthyes records except Tetrapoda.
taxon_name : Return only records related to a specific taxon name, including all synonyms. You can specify multiple names separated by commas. Names can contain wildcards, but if more than one name matches, only the one with the highest number of records in the database will be used.
match_name : Only return records related to a specific taxonomy name. You can specify multiple names separated by commas. The name can contain wildcard characters % and _ , and all output records related to the matching name will be returned. Alias will be ignored. This is more of a syntax match than a taxonomy match.
immediate : You can set this along with base_name , base_id or taxon_name . Setting this will ignore variants of the specified name. This parameter does not require a value, just include it in the request.
base_id : returns only records associated with a specific taxon name, including all subgroups and synonyms. You can specify multiple IDs separated by commas. Note that you can specify at most one of taxon_name , taxon_id , base_name , and base_id .
taxon_id : Return only records associated with a specific taxon name, excluding subgroups and synonyms. You can specify multiple IDs separated by commas.
exclude_id : Exclude the taxonomic name or its subordinate names related to the specified taxon ID. Here's another way of **^**.
idreso : Select output records matching the specified taxonomic level, or merge output records of the same genus/family. Acceptable values are: species : select only yield records identified as species genus : select only yield records identified as genus or species family : select only yield records identified as family or genus or species lump_genus : select only yield records The output records of the genus or species are identified, and all output records of the same genus in the same collection record are combined into a single record lump_gensub *: Only select the output records of the identified genus or species, and combine the output records of the same genus/subgenus in the same collection record All output records for are merged into a single record
idtype : This parameter determines how to handle re-identified output records. Acceptable values are: latest : Select only the latest identification for each output record, ignoring the rest. This value is the default. orig : Select only the original identification for each output record, ignoring the rest. reid : Selects all identifications of output records that are being reidentified, including the original identification. Output records without requalification records in the database are ignored. This may result in multiple records being returned for each output record. Note that if you specify a category name, identifications that do not match that name will be ignored. You can find them by querying specifically for the output records you are interested in by ID, plus idtype=all . all : Selects all qualifications that match the other search parameters. This may result in multiple records being returned for a given output record.
idqual : This parameter selects or excludes output records based on their classification modifiers. Allowed values are: any : Selects all matches, regardless of modifiers. It's the default value. certain : Exclude all matches marked with any of the following modifiers: aff./cf./?/""/informal/sensu lato. genus_certain : Like certain , but only look at genus/subgenus, ignoring species modifiers. uncertain : Select all matches marked with any of the following modifiers: aff. / cf. / ? / "" / informal / sensu lato. new : Select only matches marked with one of the following: n. gen. / n .subgen./n.sp.
idmod : This parameter selects or excludes output records based on any combination of categorical modifiers. You can use this parameter and/or idgen and idspc if you need to select combinations of modifiers not available through idqual . You can specify one or more of the following codes, separated by commas. If the first is preceded by ! Then they are excluded. Otherwise, only include output records marked with at least one of: ns : n. sp. ng : n. gen. or n. subgen. af : aff. cf : cf. sl : sensu lato if : informal eg : ex gr. qm : question mark (?) qu : quotes ("")
idgenmod : This parameter selects or excludes output records based on any combination of taxonomic modifiers on genus and/or subgenus names. See idmod above .
idspcmod : This parameter selects or excludes output records based on any combination of taxonomic modifiers on species names. See idmod above .
abundance : This parameter selects only output records with a specific species abundance value. Accepted values are: count : only select output records whose abundance type is 'individuals', 'specimens' 'grid-count', 'elements', or 'fragments' coverage : only select the abundance type "%-… output records for " any : select only output records with a certain type of abundance information You can also append a colon followed by a decimal number. This will select only output records whose abundance is at least the specified minimum.
lngmin
lngmax : Return only records where the current longitude is within the given bounds. If one of these parameters is specified, both parameters must be specified. If the supplied bounds are outside the -180° to 180° range, they will be shrunk to fit within. For example, if you specify lngmin=270 and lngmax=360, the query will be processed with lngmin=-90 and lngmax=0. In this case, all longitude values in the query results will be adjusted to fall within the actual numerical range you specify.
latmin : Return only records where the current latitude is at least the given value.
latmax : Return only records whose current latitude is at most the given value.
loc : Only return records whose current location (longitude and latitude) falls within the specified range, must be given in WKT format, and the coordinates are longitude and latitude values.
plate : Returns only records that lie on the specified geologic plate. If the value of this parameter starts with ! starts with , excludes all records on the specified section. If the values of this parameter continue to start with G, the values will be interpreted as plate numbers in the GPlates model. If S, the values will be interpreted as plate numbers in the Scotese model. Otherwise, they are interpreted according to the value of parameter pgm . The remainder of the value must be the section number.
pgs : Specifies whether to return paleo coordinates for the beginning, middle, or end of the age range for each collection record. Acceptable values are: early, mid, late. You can specify multiple as a comma separated list.
cc : Returns only records whose location is within the specified geographic area. The value of this parameter should be one or more two-character country codes and/or three-character continent codes as a comma-separated list. If the parameter value starts with ! , records belonging to these zones are excluded rather than included. Any country code starting with ^ will be subtracted from the filter. For example: ATA,AU : selects output records from Antarctica and Australia NOA,SOA,^AR,^BO : selects instances from North and South America, but excludes Argentina or Bolivia ! EUR,^IS : excludes output from Europe records, except those from Iceland
state : Returns output records only from collection records indicated to belong to the specified state or province. This information does not record all acquisitions and has not been checked for accuracy. Given that state names are sometimes repeated between countries, it is recommended to also specify the country using the cc parameter.
county : Returns only output records in the specified collection of records belonging to the specified county or other sub-state administrative division. This information does not record all acquisitions and has not been checked for accuracy. Since county names are often repeated between state and country, it is recommended that you specify both the state with the state parameter and the country with the cc parameter.
continent : Returns only records that are geographically within one or more specified continents. The value of this parameter should be a comma-separated list of continent codes . This parameter is deprecated; use cc instead .
strat : Returns only records that belong to the specified geological strata or strata. You can specify multiple, separated by commas. Names can include the standard SQL wildcards % and _ , and can be followed by any of 'fm', 'gp', 'mbr'. If these suffixes are not given, all matching stratum names will be selected. If the parameter value starts with ! starts with , records associated with this layer or strata will be excluded rather than included. Note that this parameter is only parsed by string matching. Stratigraphic nomenclature is not currently standardized in the database, so spelling errors may occur.
formation : Returns only records that fall within the specified formation. This parameter is deprecated, use strat instead .
stratgroup : Return only records belonging to the specified stratum group. This parameter is deprecated, use strat instead .
member : Returns only records that are members of the specified strata. This parameter is deprecated, use strat instead .
lithology : Return only records that are from any specified lithology and/or lithology type. If the parameter value string starts with ! Matching records are then excluded instead. If the symbol ^ appears at the beginning of any lithology name, all subsequent values will be subtracted from the filter. For example: carbonate,^bafflestone.
envtype : Return only records that are recorded as belonging to any specified environment and/or environment zone. If the parameter value string starts with ! Matching records are then excluded instead. If the symbol ^ appears at the beginning of any environment code, all subsequent values will be subtracted from the filter. For example: terr,^fluvial,lacustrine or !slope,^carbonate. You can specify one or more of the following values as a comma-separated list: terr : any terrestrial environment marine : any marine environment carbonate : carbonate environment silicic : silicon clast environment unknown : unknown or uncertain environment lacust : lake area fluvial : river area karst : karst zone terrother : other land areas marginal : marginal marine area reef : reef area stshallow : shallow subtidal zone stdeep : deep subtidal zone offshore : offshore area slope : slope/basin area marindet : marine uncertain area
interval_id : Return only records whose time falls within a given geological time interval (specified by a numeric identifier). If multiple intervals are specified, the time range used will be a continuous period of time from the start of the earliest specified interval to the end of the latest specified interval.
interval : Return only records whose spatiotemporal position falls within the named geological time interval (specified by name). You can specify multiple intervals, separated by commas or dashes. If multiple intervals are specified, the time range used will be a continuous period of time from the start of the earliest specified interval to the end of the latest specified interval.
min_ma : Return only records whose time position is at least this, in Ma.
max_ma : Return only records whose time position is at most this, in Ma.
timerule : Parses spatio-temporal positions according to the specified rules, as follows. For multiplicity output, this rule is applied to put each match into one or more temporal bins, or ignore the item if it doesn't match any bin. The available rules are: contain : Selects only records whose spatio-temporal positions are strictly contained within the specified time range. This is the strictest rule. For diversity output, this rule guarantees that each match will fall into at most one temporal bin, but many instances will be ignored because their temporal locations are too wide to fall into any bin. major : Select only records for which at least 50% of the temporal position ranges fall within the specified time range. For diversity output, this rule also guarantees that each match falls into at most one temporal bin. Many matches will be ignored because their time position width is more than twice that of any overlapping bins, but fewer times than the contain rule. This is the default time rule unless you specifically select a time rule. buffer : Selects only records whose time positions overlap the specified time range and are completely within a "buffer" around this range. This buffer defaults to 12 million years for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, and 5 million years for the Cenozoic. You can override the buffer width with parameters timebuffer and late_buffer . For diversity output, some events will be counted as falling into more than one bin. Certain events will still be ignored, but less so than the above rules. overlap : Select only records whose temporal positions overlap by any amount with the specified time range. This is the most lenient rule. For multiplicity output, all output records will be counted. Many people will be counted in multiple crates.
timebuffer : Overrides the default buffer period when resolving temporal locality. The value must be given in millions of years. This parameter is only relevant if timerrule is set to buffer .
latebuffer : Overrides the default buffer period at the end of the time range when resolving temporal locality. This allows the buffer to end differently later in the interval than it ends earlier. The value must be given in millions of years. This parameter is only relevant if timerrule is set to buffer .
The following parameters can be used to filter the selection
If you wish to use one of these, and have not specified any of the selection parameters listed above, use all_records .
specs_created_before : select onlyforwardA record of the created event association.
specs_created_after : select onlybackA record of the created event association.
specs_modified_before : select onlyforwardThe record associated with the modified event.
specs_modified_after : select onlybackThe record associated with the modified event.
specs_authorized_by : Select only records associated with events authorized by the specified person, indicated by name or identifier.
specs_entered_by : Select only records associated with the event indicated by the name or identifier entered by the specified person
specs_modified_by : Select only records associated with events modified by the specified person, indicated by name or identifier
specs_touched_by : Select only records associated with events authorized, entered, or modified by the specified person, indicated by name or identifier
specs_authent_by : Select only records associated with events authorized or entered by the specified person, indicated by name or identifier
occs_created_before : select onlyforwardA record of the created event association.
occs_created_after : select onlybackA record of the created event association.
occs_modified_before : select onlyforwardThe record associated with the modified event.
occs_modified_after : select onlybackThe record associated with the modified event.
occs_authorized_by : Select only records associated with events authorized by the specified person, indicated by name or identifier.
occs_entered_by : Select only records associated with the event indicated by name or identifier entered by the specified person
occs_modified_by : Select only records associated with events modified by the specified person, indicated by name or identifier
occs_touched_by : Select only records associated with events authorized, entered, or modified by the specified person, indicated by name or identifier
occs_authent_by : Select only records associated with events authorized or entered by the specified person, indicated by name or identifier
The following parameters can also be used to filter the result list by category
taxon_status : Select only output records that are identified to a taxon and have the specified status. The default is all . Acceptable values are: all : Selects all taxonomy names that match the other specified criteria. It's the default value. valid : only select names that are valid for the classification accepted : select only the classification valid names that are not junior synonyms junior : select only the classification valid names that are junior synonyms invalid : select only the names that are invalid for the classification, eg nomina dubia
pres : This parameter indicates whether to select output records identified as relic taxa, formal taxa, or regular taxa. The default is all , which selects all records that meet the other specified criteria. One or more of the following values can be specified as a list: regular : select regular taxa form : select form taxa ichno : select relic taxa all : select all taxa
extant : Select only output records that have been identified as extant or non-existent taxa. Accepted values are: yes, no .
The following parameters can be used to generate data archives
The easiest way is to use the download generator form.
archive_title : The value of this parameter instructs to create an archive with the specified title, unless an archive already exists.
archive_replace : A true value for this parameter indicates that if there is an existing archive with the specified title, its content should be replaced with the output of the current request. Without this parameter, error code E_EXISTING will be returned if the specified header matches an existing record. If an existing record has a DOI, error E_IMMUTABLE will be returned and cannot be overwritten.
archive_authors : The value of this parameter, if any, will be placed in the Authors field of created or updated archive records.
archive_desc : The value of this parameter, if any, will be put into the "Description" field of created or updated archive records.
You can choose what extra information to retrieve, and the order in which to fetch the records, using the following parameters
show : Select additional information to return. The value of this parameter must be one or more of the following, separated by commas. 1. full : This is a shortcut that contains all the information that defines this record. Currently, this includes the following blocks: attr, class, plant, ecospace, taphonomy abundant, coll, coords, loc, paleoloc, prot, stratext, lithext, geo, methods, rem, refattr. If we then add new data fields to the sample record, full will include those fields as well. So if you're posting a URL, it's a good idea to include show=full. 2. acconly : Suppresses the display of the exact taxonomic identity of each specimen and displays only accepted names. 3. attr : Attributes (author and year) of the recognized name of the specimen. 4. class : the taxonomic classification of the specimen: phylum, class, order, family, genus. 5. classext : Similar to class, but also includes related classification identifiers. 6. genus : Corresponds to the genus of each specimen, if the specimen has been identified at the genus level. This block is redundant if class or classext extensions are used. 7. subgenus : The genus corresponding to each specimen, plus the subgenus, if any. This can be added to the class or classext to show the subgenus, or instead of the genus to show the genus and subgenus (if any). 8. plant : The plant organ (if any) associated with this specimen. These fields will be empty unless the specimen is a plant fossil. 9. abund : information about the abundance (if any) of associated events in its collection 10. ecospace : information about the ecological space occupied or occupied by the organism. This has only been populated for relatively few taxa. See Ecological and taphonomic vocabulary 11. taphonomy : Burial information about the organism. See Ecological and taphonomic vocabulary 12. etbasis : Annotated output blocks ecological space, indicating at which taxonomic level each piece of information was entered. 13. coll : The name of the collection in which to find the correlated event, and any other comments entered. 14. coords : The latitude and longitude of the associated event (if any). 15. loc : Additional information about the geographic location of the event in question (if any). 16. paleoloc : Paleogeographical information of relevant occurrences evaluated according to the model specified by the parameter pgm. 17. Strat: Basic information on the stratigraphic background of fossil output records. 18. stratext : stratigraphic background details of the fossil output record. Contains strat and extra fields. 19. lith : Basic information on the lithological background of fossil output records. 20. lithext : Lithological background details for the fossil output record. Contains lith and extra fields. 21. methods : The method used when collecting. 22. env : The paleoenvironment of the fossil output record. 23. geo : Geographic background information of fossil output records (including env ). 24. ref : The original document of the fossil output record, formatted text. If there is no original document, then the original document for the relevant acquisition record is displayed. 25. refattr : information on the original document, author and year. 26. resgroup : The research team for fossil output records and collection records. 27. ent : ID of person who names, enters and edits fossil output records. 28. entname: The name of the person who entered and edited the fossil occurrence record. 29. crmod : Created and modified timestamps of fossil output records.
order : Specifies the order in which results are returned. You can specify multiple comma-separated values, each appended with .asc or .desc. Accepted values are: 1. id : results are sorted by identifier, so results are reported in the order they were entered into the database. This is the default if "all_records" is selected. 2. hierarchy : Results are sorted hierarchically by taxonomic identifier. The order of sister taxa is arbitrary, but subtaxa will always follow parent taxa. 3. identification : The results are sorted alphabetically by taxonomic identification. 4. ref : Results are sorted by reference ID so that instances imported from the same reference are listed together. 5. max_ma : results are sorted chronologically by age from oldest to youngest, unless you add .asc 6. min_ma : results are sorted chronologically by later age boundaries, oldest to youngest, unless you add .asc 7 .agespan : the results are sorted according to the difference between early and late age boundaries, starting with the output record with the smallest distribution (most accurate temporal resolution), unless you add .desc 8. reso : the results are sorted according to the classification they resolve to Ranks are sorted. Unless you add a .desc, this will start with subspecies, species, genus... 9. formation: The results are sorted alphabetically by the geological formations in which they were found. 10. geogroup : The results are sorted alphabetically by the geological group in which they were found. 11. member : The results are sorted alphabetically by the geological member in which they were found. 12. plate : Results are sorted by the geological plate they are on, numerically sorted by identifier. 13. created : Results are sorted by the date the record was created, with the most recent date first unless .asc is added. 14. modified : Results are sorted by the date the record was last modified, unless you add .asc
This data service accepts the following HTTP methods: GET , HEAD .
response result
Responses to HTTP requests using this operation will contain the fields in the following list. The block basic is always displayed. Others can be selected using the parameter show .
1：basic
field name (pbdb)
field name (com)
describe
specimen_no
oid
A unique identifier for this sample in the database
record_type
typ
Type of object: spm means fossil specimen
_label
rlb
For newly added or updated records, this field will report the record tag value (if any) that was submitted with each record.
flags
flg
For most records, this field will be blank. Otherwise, it will contain one or more of the following letters: N - No yield record associated with this specimen. D - The ID entered for this sample is different from the ID entered for the corresponding event. R - This flag has been superseded by a more recent flag. In other words, this specimen has been re-identified. I - Relic taxa. F - This designation is a formal taxon. For most records, this field will be blank. Records representing samples not associated with the occurrence of the event will have an N in this field. Records representing a sample whose ID differs from its associated occurrence will have an I in this field.
occurrence_no
qid
The identifier of the occurrence associated with this sample (if any)
reid_no
eid
If the associated event is re-identified, provide a unique identifier for the re-identification.
collection_no
cid
The identifier of the specimen collection associated with this specimen (if any)
permissions
prm
The accessibility of this record. If empty, the record is public. Otherwise, the value of this record will be one of the following: members : only database members can access this record; authorizer : this record can be accessed by its authorization group and any other authorized groups; group(…) : this record can only be accessed by Available for inspection by members of designated research groups.
specimen_id
smi
According to its custodian institution, the specimen's identification label
is_type
smt
Indicates whether this specimen is a holotype or a paratype
specelt_no
the
the identifier within the sample element hierarchy that best describes this sample
specimen_side
sms
The side of the body corresponding to the sample part
specimen_part
smp
the body parts that make up this specimen
specimen_sex
smx
The sex of the specimen, if known
n_measured
smn
Number of samples measured
measurement_source
mms
How the measurements were obtained, if known
magnification
mmg
The magnification used in the measurement (if known)
comments
smc
A commentary on the specimen, usually the author and year of publication
identified_name
idn
The category name that identifies this event. If this field has the same value as accepted_name, it will be ignored for responses in a compact vocabulary.
identified_rank
idr
The taxonomic rank of the recognized name (if it can be determined). If this field has the same value as accepted_rank, responses from the compact vocabulary will be omitted.
identified_no
iid
A unique identifier for the recognized taxonomy name. If empty, the name has never entered the taxonomic hierarchy stored in this database, and we have no further information on the taxonomy of this fossil occurrence record.
difference
tdf
If the identified name is different from the accepted name, this field gives the reason. For example, this field would appear if the identified name was a primary synonym or nomenclature, or if the species was regrouped, or if the identified was misspelled.
accepted_name
tna
The value of this field will be an acceptable taxonomy name corresponding to the identified name.
accepted_rank
rnk
The taxonomic rank of the recognized name. This may differ from the recognized rank if the recognized name is a noun or is invalid, or if the recognized name is not fully entered into the taxonomic hierarchy of this database.
accepted_no
time
Unique identifier for taxonomy names accepted in this database.
early_interval
you
The specific geologic time range (not necessarily the standard interval) associated with this fossil occurrence record, or, if late_interval is given, the interval at which the range begins
late_interval
was
The interval that ends the specific geological time range associated with this fossil occurrence record, if different from the value of early_interval
max_ma
ed
Early boundary (Ma) of the geological time horizon associated with this occurrence
min_ma
lag
Late limit of the geological time frame associated with this occurrence (Ma)
reference_no
rid
The identifier of the reference that entered this data
2：attr
field name (pbdb)
field name (com)
describe
accepted_attr
to
Attributes that accept firstname (author and year)