Ecology, indeed, requires chemistry. But if the various preconditions of the chemical reaction are not known, the chemical reaction is impossible to react. So we need to understand this knowledge and transfer this knowledge to human social and economic activities. The most powerful person is: Paradigm Refining-Paradigm Migration.
Lao Jia just didn't know this knowledge, so although he proposed the term "ecological-chemical reaction", he failed to do it.
Only when the mechanism is known and the analogy-migration can be effectively implemented can it be successfully applied.
Therefore, first know, then make an effective analogy, and then migrate the application. Three steps. Let's know first today.
(1) Self is very important
1. Why are silicon-based organisms rarely seen?
Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. Why didn't silicon-based life appear on the earth?
Carbon atoms are mainly combined with other atoms through "covalent bonds". Since the outermost layer of carbon atoms has four electrons, carbon atoms can form up to four "covalent bonds". In the natural environment of the earth, carbon atoms can Forming double bonds or even triple bonds with other atoms allows carbon atoms to form sufficiently complex and stable polymer compounds to become the material basis for carbon-based life.
Although both silicon and carbon have 4 electrons in the outermost layer, silicon has three layers of electrons, which is one more layer than carbon, which makes silicon not strong enough to control the electrons in the outermost layer, so the silicon chain is the basis Most of the compounds produced are extremely unstable. Even if silicon atoms temporarily form a long chain structure, as long as the temperature is slightly higher, it is very easy to break, and it is not stable at all. On the other hand, the combination ability of silicon and oxygen is very strong, so that in the oxygen-rich environment of the earth, silicon always strongly tends to form silicon-oxygen compounds, such as silicon dioxide or silicate, and because in these The "silicon-oxygen tetrahedron" structure is ubiquitous in substances, so it is difficult for them to react chemically with other elements.
2. Why do new energy batteries use more lithium?
The battery chemistry for Tesla vehicles is: Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminate. Most of the world's lithium is in the southern hemisphere: 55% of lithium is supplied by Australia and 26% by Chile.
From the periodic table of elements, lead is the 82nd element. With an atomic weight of 207.2, it is the non-radioactive element with the largest atomic weight. Lead has the advantages of low melting point, good plasticity, high corrosion resistance, and difficult penetration of X-rays and gamma rays. Lead is commonly used in batteries on gasoline vehicles.
From the periodic table of elements, lithium is the No. 3 element, and it is also the highest metal element. Lithium itself is 6 atomic mass units, and each lithium carries 1 charge. Therefore, lithium batteries are lighter in weight and have higher energy density. In addition, lithium-ion batteries have the advantages of no memory effect, high-rate charge and discharge, small self-discharge rate, and high energy conversion rate.
3. Summary of commonality
1. The body needs to be light and small, and there are few layers
2. It is better to have more covalent bonds in the outermost layer, and these covalent bonds have no preference for hardening
3. It would be better if these elements are more abundant in nature (this means low cost - strong replaceability)
I seem to be talking about elements, but in fact I’m not talking about elements but people, please take a closer look, hehehe.
(2) Let’s talk about reacting with ecology
1. Definition
A chemical reaction is:
Molecules break down into atoms,
Atoms are rearranged,
Generate new molecules.
2. Essence
The essence of a chemical reaction is: the breaking of old chemical bonds and the formation of new chemical bonds.
If old chemical bonds are difficult to break, or new chemical bonds are difficult to form, no chemical reaction can occur.
3. Basis
The basis for judging whether a reaction is a chemical reaction:
1. According to the chemical bond theory, whether there is breaking of old bonds and formation of new bonds
2. Whether to generate new substances
Many changes may not be chemical reactions, but some superficial phenomena such as luminescence and heat will also appear, so be wary of pseudo-chemical reactions. It is necessary to judge by criteria in order to distinguish authenticity from falsehood.
4. Response judgment:
Suppose, there exists a system. Through calculation, the enthalpy change of the system before and after the reaction is ΔH.
If ΔH is calculated to be negative, the reaction must be exothermic.
If the ΔH calculation is positive, the reaction must be endothermic.
If the ΔH calculation is equal to zero, the reaction neither absorbs heat nor releases heat; the outside does not do work on the system, and the system does not do work on the outside.
Whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic is completely determined by the ΔH of the system. However, whether the reaction proceeds is completely expressed by the Gibbs free energy ΔG of the system. The specific calculation formula is as follows:
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
ΔG is the change in free energy, ΔH is the change in enthalpy, ΔS is the change in entropy, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
Enthalpy change is a measure of the amount of heat absorbed or released in a chemical reaction.
Entropy change refers to the measure of system disorder.
5. Reaction conditions and reaction rate:
reactant concentration
Activation energy: refers to the minimum energy required to initiate a reaction (the higher the activation energy required, the more difficult it is to initiate the reaction).
Reaction temperature: heating (△), ignition, high temperature
catalyst
electrification (electrolysis)
ultraviolet light
Therefore, these conditions or external stimuli are required for chemical reactions to occur, otherwise it is impossible to react.
6. Reaction balance:
At the beginning of the reaction, the concentration of the reactants is relatively large and the concentration of the products is relatively small, so the rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the reverse reaction.
As the reaction progresses, the concentration of the reactants decreases and the concentration of the products increases, so the rate of the forward reaction decreases and the rate of the reverse reaction increases.
When the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, the concentration of each substance in the system does not change, and the reaction reaches equilibrium.
Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the changing law of the reaction, and not be panicked by the change.
(3) Finally, what is your reaction?
There are four types of reactants and products:
decomposition reaction,
chemical reaction,
replacement reaction,
metathesis reaction
Decomposition reaction: abbreviated as: A = B + C: The compound is decomposed into constituent elements or small molecules.
Combination reaction: abbreviated as: A + B = C: two or more elements or compounds synthesize a complex product.
Replacement reaction: abbreviated as: A+BC=B+AC: Indicates that an additional reactive element replaces an element in the compound.
Metathesis reaction: abbreviated as: AB+CD=AD+CB: In aqueous solution, two compounds exchange elements or ions to form different compounds.
There are four types of replacement reactions:
1. [More active metals] replace less active metals or hydrogen
2. [More active non-metals] replace less active non-metals
3. Metal replacement for non-metal 4. Non-metal replacement for metal
The essence of the metathesis reaction is that the ions in the solution are combined into hard ionized substances (such as water), insoluble substances or volatile gases, so that the metathesis reaction tends to be completed. [Between acid, base and salt solution] The reaction that occurs is generally formed by the exchange of components between two compounds, so the reaction between acid, base and salt solution is generally a metathesis reaction.
So everyone sees, either decompose or synthesize, or replace or exchange, and the exchange can only be done in a certain special environment, otherwise the exchange cannot be done. Just these four.
