Introduction to Computer Science (third edition of the original book) framework summary

Introduction to Computer Science

introduction

• computer model
  • Turing model
  • von Neumann model
    • Stored program + sequential execution
    • four subsystems
      • ALU
      • control unit
      • memory
      • IO
• computer components
  • hardware
  • data
  • software
• computer Science
  • system domain
    • Computer Architecture
    • computer network
    • computer security
    • operating system
    • algorithm
    • programming language
    • software engineering
  • Application field
    • database
    • artificial intelligence
    • web
    • Computer Graphics

digital system

• Number System: Using Symbols to Represent Numbers
  • location
  • Non-positional: Roman Numerals
• Hexadecimal and hexadecimal conversion

data storage

• Data related concepts
  • type of data
  • bit, bit pattern
  • data compression
  • Error Detection and Correction
• digital storage
  • integer
    • original code
    • inverse code
    • Complement
  • real number
    • floating point representation
    • normalization
    • sign, exponent and mantissa
      • Exponential remainder notation
• text storage
• audio storage
  • sampling
  • Quantify
  • coding
• image storage
  • raster image
  • vector illustration
• video storage

Data operation

• logic operation
  • and or not, exclusive or
• shift operation
  • logical shift (unsigned)
  • arithmetic shift (complement)
• arithmetic operation
  • add
  • minus (complement)

computer composition

• three subsystems
  • CPU
    • ALU
      • Logical, Shift, Arithmetic Operations
    • register
      • data, instruction, program counter
    • control unit
  • main memory
    • RAM，ROM
  • IO
    • storage device
    • non-storage device
• the main line
  • CPU and main memory
    • data, command, control bus
  • IO and mainline
    • controller (interface)
    • I/O addressing
      • independent addressing
      • memory-mapped addressing
• program execution
  • machine cycle
    • fetch instruction
    • decoding
    • implement
  • I/O operation
    • program control
    • interrupt control
    • DMA mode
  • Architecture
    • CISC Complex Instruction Set
    • RISC Reduced Instruction Set
  • Pipeline (parallel)
• Simple computer (example)

Computer Networks and the Internet

• network
  • local area network
  • Wan
  • the Internet
  • Internet
• protocol layering
  • in principle
    • Each layer is an opposite mirror image
  • logical connection
• TCP/IP protocol family
  • application layer
    • send message
    • model
      • C/S mode
        • world wide web
        • URL
        • HTTP
        • FTP
        • e-mail
        • TELNET remote login
        • ssh condoms
        • DNS
          • domain name
      • p2p mode
        • BT download
        • centralized, decentralized network
  • transport layer
    • Send packets/fragments
    • process communication
    • TCP
    • UDP
  • Network layer
    • send datagram
    • IPV4,IPV6
    • routing
  • data link layer
    • transmit frame
    • LAN,WAN
  • physical layer
    • bit bit
    • signal conversion
    • Transmission medium

operating system

• Function
  • efficient use of hardware
  • call resource
• Bootstrap into RAM
• evolution
  • batch system
  • time sharing system
  • parallel system
  • Distributed Systems
  • real time system
• component
  • User Interface
  • memory management
    • single program
    • multiprogramming
      • partition scheduling
      • paging
      • request paging
      • request segment scheduling
      • request segment paging
    • Virtual Memory
  • process management
    • program, job, process
    • scheduler
      • job scheduler
      • process scheduler
    • queue
      • job, process control block
      • Scheduling Algorithm
    • process synchronization
      • deadlock
      • starve
  • device management
  • file management
• mainstream operating system
  • UNIX
  • Linux
  • windows

algorithm

• definition
  • An ordered collection of well-defined steps that terminate and produce results in a finite amount of time
• three structures
  • order
  • choose
  • cycle
• Notation
  • UML
  • pseudocode
  • structure diagram
    • sub-algorithm
• basic algorithm
  • to sum
  • product
  • best value
  • look up
    • order
    • half off
  • to sort
    • choose
    • bubble
    • insert
• Recursion and iteration

programming language

• evolution
  • machine language
  • Assembly language
  • high level language
• translate
  • compile
  • explain
  • process
    • lexical analysis
    • Gramma analysis
    • Semantic Analysis
    • code generation
• programming mode
  • procedural
  • object oriented
  • Functional
  • Declarative (logical reasoning)
• common concept
  • type of data
  • identifier
  • variable
  • literal value
  • constant
  • input Output
  • expression
  • statement
    • control statement
  • subroutine

software engineering

• software life cycle
  • to develop
  • use
  • Revise
• development process model
  • waterfall model
  • incremental model
• development stage
  • analysis stage
    • process-oriented analysis
      • data flow diagram
      • Entity Relationship Diagram
    • object-oriented analysis
      • Use Case Diagram (Functional Interaction)
      • Class Diagram
      • State diagram
  • design phase
    • process-oriented design
      • structure diagram
      • Modular
        • High aggregation and low coupling
    • object-oriented design
      • Detailed Design Class Details
      • process design
  • development stage
    • language selection
    • software quality
      • Operability
      • maintainability
      • portability
  • testing phase
    • white box testing
      • basic path test
      • Control Structure Test
    • black box testing
      • exhaustive test
      • random test
      • boundary test
• document
  • user documentation
  • system documentation
  • technical documentation

data structure

• array
  • array name element name
  • Multidimensional Arrays
    • row-major storage
    • column-major storage
  • array operation
    • CRUD
• record (data element)
  • domain (data item)
• linked list
  • data and chain
  • Linked list name and node name
  • linked list operation

abstract data type

• definition
  • Data types that encapsulate data and operations
• the stack
  • first in last out
  • operate
  • application
    • reverse data
    • pair
    • data delay usage
    • Backtrack
  • accomplish
    • array
    • linked list
• queue
  • first in first out
  • application
    • queue
• generalized linear table
  • random access
  • orderly
• binary tree
  • Tree
  • traversal operation
    • depth first
      • preface
      • In sequence
      • Subsequent
    • breadth first
      • level
  • application
    • Huffman coding
    • expression tree
  • binary search tree
• picture

file structure

• access method
  • sequential access
  • random access
• sequence file
  • renew
    • new main file
    • old master file
    • transaction file
    • bug report file
• index file
• hash file
  • hash method
    • direct hash
    • modulo method
    • digital extraction
    • Other methods
  • conflict
    • open addressing
    • linked list method
    • bucket hashing
• Table of contents
  • Compared with the index, it adds information such as permissions
  • special directory
    • Root directory
    • Main directory
    • Work list
    • parent directory
  • path
• text files and binary files

database

• introduction
  • Flat file system vs. database system
  • database management system
    • hardware
    • software
    • data
    • user
      • end user
        • database administrator
        • general user
      • application
    • regulations
• database architecture
  • inner layer
  • conceptual level
    • logical view
  • outer layer
    • external view
• database model
  • hierarchical model
  • mesh model
  • relational model
    • relational database model
    • Distributed Database Model
    • object-oriented database model
      • XML
• relational database model
  • Relationship (two-dimensional table)
    • name
    • Attributes
    • tuple
  • relational operations
    • insert
    • delete
    • renew
    • choose
    • projection
    • connect
    • and
    • pay
    • Difference
• Database Design
  • demand analysis
  • Entity Relationship Model ERM
    • ER图
    • entity set relationship
    • relationship set relationship
  • normalization
    • First Normal Form: Attributes are indivisible
    • 2NF: The primary key is completely dependent on
    • 3NF paradigm
    • BCNF

data compression

• lossless compression
  • run-length encoding
  • Huffman coding
  • LZ code
• lossy compression
  • image compression JPEG
    • Block
    • discrete cosine transform
    • Quantify
    • lossless compression
  • Video compression MPEG
    • space compression
      • JPEG
    • time compression
      • I
      • P frame
      • B frame
  • audio compression
    • predictive coding
    • perceptual encoding mp3
      • frequency masking
      • time cover

Safety

• introduction
  • safety goal
    • confidentiality
    • integrity
    • availability
  • attack
    • for confidentiality
      • to sniff
      • Traffic Analysis
    • For integrity
      • tamper
      • counterfeit
      • replay
      • deny
    • for availability
      • Denial of service (Dos attack)
  • Service and Technology
    • cryptography
      • symmetry
      • asymmetric
      • hash
    • steganography
• confidentiality
  • Symmetric Key Cryptography
    • stream cipher
    • block cipher
    • traditional symmetric key (character-oriented)
      • replace password
        • single letter password
          • additive cipher
        • multi-letter password
          • Auto key password
      • shift cipher
    • Modern Symmetric Keys (Bit Oriented)
      • modern block cipher
      • modern stream cipher
        • one time password
  • asymmetric key cryptography
    • RSA cryptosystem
• integrity
  • message verification
    • Message digest (tamper proof)
      • Hash function MD5
    • Authentication (anti-counterfeiting)
      • Message authentication code MAC
        • Encrypted key guarantees confidentiality
      • digital signature
        • public and private keys
        • Authentication using the sender's public and private keys
    • sign abstract
  • Entity verification (real-time)
    • Verification classification
      • know
        • password
      • Owned
        • ID card
      • inherent in
        • fingerprint
    • challenge-response
      • Symmetric key
      • asymmetric key
      • digital signature
• non-repudiation
  • Trusted Third Party Center
• key management
  • Symmetric key distribution
    • Key Distribution Center: KDC
    • Multiple Key Distribution Centers
    • session key
  • Public key distribution (asymmetric)
    • Public statement (unsafe)
    • Certification body: CA
    • X.509 (structured certificate)
• firewall
  • Packet filtering firewall (router)
    • for ip
    • for port
  • proxy firewall
    • Proxy Computer (Application Gateway)
      • Application Layer Filtering

computational theory

• simple language
  • increment statement
  • decrement statement
  • loop statement
  • Macros for simple languages ​​(emulate any complex statement)
• Turing machine
  • composition
    • tape
    • read/write head
    • controller
      • Finite State Automata
  • simulate simple language
  • Church-Turing Thesis
    • Algorithms for Turing Machines to Complete Symbolic Operations
• shutdown problem
  • Gödel number
    • program number
  • The halting problem is unsolvable
• problem complexity
  • Solvable problem
    • polynomial problem
    • non-polynomial problem
  • unsolvable problem

artificial intelligence

• agent
  • software agent
  • physical agent
• Programming language
  • LISP
  • PROLOG
• knowledge representation
  • Semantic Web
  • frame
  • predicate logic
    • propositional logic
    • super predicate logic
  • rule-based system
    • knowledge base
    • fact base
    • reasoning machine
• expert system
  • User and User Interface
  • Knowledge Base and Knowledge Base Editor
  • Fact Base and Interpretation System
  • reasoning machine
• perception
  • Image Processing
    • edge detection
    • section
    • search depth
    • find directions
    • object recognition
    • application
  • language understanding
    • Speech Recognition
    • Gramma analysis
      • grammar
      • lexical analyzer
    • Semantic Analysis
    • Pragmatic analysis
      • intention
      • disambiguation
• search
  • brute force search
    • depth
    • breadth
  • heuristic search
    • heuristic value
• Neural Networks
  • Perceptron model
  • multi-layer network

Appendix B UML Unified Modeling Language

• user view

  • User System Interaction: Users and Functions
  • use case diagram
    • system,
    • use case (behaviour),
    • mover,
    • relation

• structure view

  • System static structure: class design
  • Class Diagram
    • properties and methods
    • Associations (relationships between classes (a few-to-several))
    • Generalization (inheritance relationship)

• Behavior view
  The behavior of objects in the system

  • Collaboration diagram

    • relationship between objects
    • properties and values
    • method operation
    • Links (a few-to-several relationship)
    • information

  • State diagram

    • single object state change
    • symbol
      • state
      • convert
      • decision point
    • Events (external incoming messages)
    • Actions (raised by events)

  • Flowchart

    • Interaction between objects over time
    • mover
    • object
    • lifeline
    • activation
    • information

  • activity diagram

    • Detailed decomposition flow chart of complex operations
    • symbol
      • Almost like a state diagram
      • decision (branch or merge)
      • branch or join (indicating concurrency)

  • swim lane

    • Activity of multiple objects

• Realize the view

  • Shows the realization of the final product (overview)
  • Component Diagram
    • Dependencies between software components
  • configuration diagram
    • communication link

Appendix E: Boolean Algebra and Logic Circuits

• Boolean algebra
  • constants, variables, operators
  • expression
  • logic gate
    • buffer
    • AND，OR,NAND,NOR…
    • accomplish
      • Transistor (electronic switch)
  • axiom, theorem, formula
  • boolean function (expression)
    • truth table
    • Table conversion
      • sum of products
      • product of sum
    • function simplification
      • algebraic method
      • Karnaugh map method
• logic circuit
  • combinational circuit
    • half adder
    • multiplexer
  • sequential circuit
    • asynchronous
      • SR Bistable Multivibrator
      • D
      • JK
      • T
    • Synchronization (clock pulse)
      • register
      • digital counter

Appendix H Error Detection and Correction

• redundancy
• Detection and Correction
• Forward Error Correction and Retransmission
• coding
  • block encoding
  • convolutional coding
• block encoding
  • data word
  • Code
• linear block coding
  • simple parity check code
  • Hamming code
  • cyclic code
    • Cyclic Redundancy Check
  • checksum