JDK itself provides many convenient JVM performance tuning monitoring tools. In addition to the integrated VisualVM and jConsole, there are also small tools such as jps, jstack, jmap, jhat, and jstat. Be able to get started with common tools for JVM performance tuning.
In real enterprise Java development, sometimes we encounter the following problems:
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OutOfMemoryError, out of memory
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memory leak
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thread deadlock
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Lock Contention
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Java process consumes too much CPU
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......
These problems may be ignored by many people in daily development (for example, when some people encounter the above problems, they just restart the server or increase the memory, but do not go to the root of the problem), but being able to understand and solve these problems is an advanced step for Java programmers. necessary requirements. This article will introduce some commonly used JVM performance tuning monitoring tools, hoping to be useful. This article refers to a lot of information on the Internet, it is difficult to list them all. I would like to express my thanks to the authors of these materials! For information on JVM performance tuning, please refer to the end of this article.
A、 jps(Java Virtual Machine Process Status Tool)
jps is mainly used to output the status information of the process running in the JVM. The syntax format is as follows:
jps [options] [hostid]
If no hostid is specified, it defaults to the current host or server.
The command line parameter options are described as follows:
-q Do not output the class name, Jar name and parameters passed to the main method -m output the parameters passed to the main method -l output the full name of the main class or Jar -v output parameters passed to the JVM
For example the following:
root@ubuntu:/# jps -m -l 2458 org.artifactory.standalone.main.Main /usr/local/artifactory-2.2.5/etc/jetty.xml 29920 com.sun.tools.hat.Main -port 9998 /tmp/dump.dat 3149 org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start 30972 sun.tools.jps.Jps -m -l 8247 org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start 25687 com.sun.tools.hat.Main -port 9999 dump.dat 21711 mrf-center.jar
B、 jstack
jstack主要用来查看某个Java进程内的线程堆栈信息。语法格式如下：
jstack [option] pid jstack [option] executable core jstack [option] [server-id@]remote-hostname-or-ip
命令行参数选项说明如下：
-l long listings，会打印出额外的锁信息，在发生死锁时可以用jstack -l pid来观察锁持有情况 -m mixed mode，不仅会输出Java堆栈信息，还会输出C/C++堆栈信息（比如Native方法）
jstack可以定位到线程堆栈，根据堆栈信息我们可以定位到具体代码，所以它在JVM性能调优中使用得非常多。下面我们来一个实例找出某个Java进程中最耗费CPU的Java线程并定位堆栈信息，用到的命令有ps、top、printf、jstack、grep。
第一步先找出Java进程ID，我部署在服务器上的Java应用名称为mrf-center：
root@ubuntu:/# ps -ef | grep mrf-center | grep -v grep root 21711 1 1 14:47 pts/3 00:02:10 java -jar mrf-center.jar
得到进程ID为21711，第二步找出该进程内最耗费CPU的线程，可以使用ps -Lfp pid或者ps -mp pid -o THREAD, tid, time或者top -Hp pid，我这里用第三个，输出如下：
TIME列就是各个Java线程耗费的CPU时间，CPU时间最长的是线程ID为21742的线程，用
printf "%x\n" 21742
得到21742的十六进制值为54ee，下面会用到。
OK，下一步终于轮到jstack上场了，它用来输出进程21711的堆栈信息，然后根据线程ID的十六进制值grep，如下：
root@ubuntu:/# jstack 21711 | grep 54ee "PollIntervalRetrySchedulerThread" prio=10 tid=0x00007f950043e000 nid=0x54ee in Object.wait() [0x00007f94c6eda000]
可以看到CPU消耗在PollIntervalRetrySchedulerThread这个类的Object.wait()，我找了下我的代码，定位到下面的代码：
// Idle wait
getLog().info("Thread [" + getName() + "] is idle waiting...");
schedulerThreadState = PollTaskSchedulerThreadState.IdleWaiting;
long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
long waitTime = now + getIdleWaitTime();
long timeUntilContinue = waitTime - now;
synchronized(sigLock) {
try {
if(!halted.get()) {
sigLock.wait(timeUntilContinue);
}
}
catch (InterruptedException ignore) {
}
}
它是轮询任务的空闲等待代码，上面的sigLock.wait(timeUntilContinue)就对应了前面的Object.wait()。
C、 jmap（Memory Map）和jhat（Java Heap Analysis Tool）
jmap用来查看堆内存使用状况，一般结合jhat使用。
jmap语法格式如下：
jmap [option] pid jmap [option] executable core jmap [option] [server-id@]remote-hostname-or-ip
如果运行在64位JVM上，可能需要指定-J-d64命令选项参数。
jmap -permstat pid
打印进程的类加载器和类加载器加载的持久代对象信息，输出：类加载器名称、对象是否存活（不可靠）、对象地址、父类加载器、已加载的类大小等信息，如下图：
使用jmap -heap pid查看进程堆内存使用情况，包括使用的GC算法、堆配置参数和各代中堆内存使用情况。比如下面的例子：
root@ubuntu:/# jmap -heap 21711 Attaching to process ID 21711, please wait... Debugger attached successfully. Server compiler detected. JVM version is 20.10-b01 using thread-local object allocation. Parallel GC with 4 thread(s) Heap Configuration: MinHeapFreeRatio = 40 MaxHeapFreeRatio = 70 MaxHeapSize = 2067791872 (1972.0MB) NewSize = 1310720 (1.25MB) MaxNewSize = 17592186044415 MB OldSize = 5439488 (5.1875MB) NewRatio = 2 SurvivorRatio = 8 PermSize = 21757952 (20.75MB) MaxPermSize = 85983232 (82.0MB) Heap Usage: PS Young Generation Eden Space: capacity = 6422528 (6.125MB) used = 5445552 (5.1932830810546875MB) free = 976976 (0.9317169189453125MB) 84.78829520089286% used From Space: capacity = 131072 (0.125MB) used = 98304 (0.09375MB) free = 32768 (0.03125MB) 75.0% used To Space: capacity = 131072 (0.125MB) used = 0 (0.0MB) free = 131072 (0.125MB) 0.0% used PS Old Generation capacity = 35258368 (33.625MB) used = 4119544 (3.9287033081054688MB) free = 31138824 (29.69629669189453MB) 11.683876009235595% used PS Perm Generation capacity = 52428800 (50.0MB) used = 26075168 (24.867218017578125MB) free = 26353632 (25.132781982421875MB) 49.73443603515625% used ....
使用jmap -histo[:live] pid查看堆内存中的对象数目、大小统计直方图，如果带上live则只统计活对象，如下：
root@ubuntu:/# jmap -histo:live 21711 | more num #instances #bytes class name ---------------------------------------------- 1: 38445 5597736 <constMethodKlass> 2: 38445 5237288 <methodKlass> 3: 3500 3749504 <constantPoolKlass> 4: 60858 3242600 <symbolKlass> 5: 3500 2715264 <instanceKlassKlass> 6: 2796 2131424 <constantPoolCacheKlass> 7: 5543 1317400 [I 8: 13714 1010768 [C 9: 4752 1003344 [B 10: 1225 639656 <methodDataKlass> 11: 14194 454208 java.lang.String 12: 3809 396136 java.lang.Class 13: 4979 311952 [S 14: 5598 287064 [[I 15: 3028 266464 java.lang.reflect.Method 16: 280 163520 <objArrayKlassKlass> 17: 4355 139360 java.util.HashMap$Entry 18: 1869 138568 [Ljava.util.HashMap$Entry; 19: 2443 97720 java.util.LinkedHashMap$Entry 20: 2072 82880 java.lang.ref.SoftReference 21: 1807 71528 [Ljava.lang.Object; 22: 2206 70592 java.lang.ref.WeakReference 23: 934 52304 java.util.LinkedHashMap 24: 871 48776 java.beans.MethodDescriptor 25: 1442 46144 java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap$HashEntry 26: 804 38592 java.util.HashMap 27: 948 37920 java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap$Segment 28: 1621 35696 [Ljava.lang.Class; 29: 1313 34880 [Ljava.lang.String; 30: 1396 33504 java.util.LinkedList$Entry 31: 462 33264 java.lang.reflect.Field 32: 1024 32768 java.util.Hashtable$Entry 33: 948 31440 [Ljava.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap$HashEntry;
class name是对象类型，说明如下：
B byte C char D double F float I int J long Z boolean [ 数组，如[I表示int[] [L+类名 其他对象
还有一个很常用的情况是：用jmap把进程内存使用情况dump到文件中，再用jhat分析查看。jmap进行dump命令格式如下：
jmap -dump:format=b,file=dumpFileName
我一样地对上面进程ID为21711进行Dump：
root@ubuntu:/# jmap -dump:format=b,file=/tmp/dump.dat 21711 Dumping heap to /tmp/dump.dat ... Heap dump file created
dump出来的文件可以用MAT、VisualVM等工具查看，这里用jhat查看：
root@ubuntu:/# jhat -port 9998 /tmp/dump.dat Reading from /tmp/dump.dat... Dump file created Tue Jan 28 17:46:14 CST 2014 Snapshot read, resolving... Resolving 132207 objects... Chasing references, expect 26 dots.......................... Eliminating duplicate references.......................... Snapshot resolved. Started HTTP server on port 9998 Server is ready.
然后就可以在浏览器中输入主机地址:9998查看了：
上面红线框出来的部分大家可以自己去摸索下，最后一项支持OQL（对象查询语言）。
D、jstat（JVM统计监测工具）
语法格式如下：
jstat [ generalOption | outputOptions vmid [interval[s|ms] [count]] ]
vmid是虚拟机ID，在Linux/Unix系统上一般就是进程ID。interval是采样时间间隔。count是采样数目。比如下面输出的是GC信息，采样时间间隔为250ms，采样数为4：
root@ubuntu:/# jstat -gc 21711 250 4 S0C S1C S0U S1U EC EU OC OU PC PU YGC YGCT FGC FGCT GCT 192.0 192.0 64.0 0.0 6144.0 1854.9 32000.0 4111.6 55296.0 25472.7 702 0.431 3 0.218 0.649 192.0 192.0 64.0 0.0 6144.0 1972.2 32000.0 4111.6 55296.0 25472.7 702 0.431 3 0.218 0.649 192.0 192.0 64.0 0.0 6144.0 1972.2 32000.0 4111.6 55296.0 25472.7 702 0.431 3 0.218 0.649 192.0 192.0 64.0 0.0 6144.0 2109.7 32000.0 4111.6 55296.0 25472.7 702 0.431 3 0.218 0.649
要明白上面各列的意义，先看JVM堆内存布局：
可以看出：
堆内存 = 年轻代 + 年老代 + 永久代 年轻代 = Eden区 + 两个Survivor区（From和To）
现在来解释各列含义：
S0C、S1C、S0U、S1U：Survivor 0/1区容量（Capacity）和使用量（Used） EC、EU：Eden区容量和使用量 OC、OU：年老代容量和使用量 PC、PU：永久代容量和使用量 YGC、YGT：年轻代GC次数和GC耗时 FGC、FGCT：Full GC次数和Full GC耗时 GCT：GC总耗时
其他JVM性能调优参考资料：
《Java虚拟机规范》
《Java Performance》
《Trouble Shooting Guide for JavaSE 6 with HotSpot VM》: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tsg-vm-149989.pdf
《Effective Java》
VisualVM: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/visualvm/
jConsole: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/guide/management/jconsole.html
Monitoring and Managing JavaSE 6 Applications: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/javase/monitoring-141801.html