1. Settlement and liquidation
In the bank card internet network , due to the inter-bank nature of the transaction realization process , the payment settlement relationship between the card issuer and the cardholder has evolved into two levels of settlement and clearing.
There are two types of settlement relationships between network member banks, cardholders and special merchants :
The payment relationship between the correspondent bank and the cardholder,
Settlement relationship with special merchants ;
The settlement relationship between the issuer and the cardholder for real-time billing ( for 02XX financial transactions ),
Or deduct the credit limit and subsequent settlement relationship ( for 01XX authorized transactions ) .
Between the network member banks and the network clearing bank ( or clearing center , the same below ) , the clearing relationship between banks is formed . Inter-bank clearing is carried out through the transfer of funds between clearing accounts of member banks and the transmission of clearing information within the clearing network .
As the core exchange center of the Internet system , although it is also one of the components of the modern payment and settlement system , it is not a payment system in the strict sense . Submit the clearing data , and the clearing bank will carry out the net settlement of the debit and credit transactions of the member banks after the netting , and complete the final payment. Therefore , in the business operation of the entire network , there are actually two networks , namely the transaction network and the clearing network.
The trading network runs continuously 24 hours a day , processing customers' online transactions in real time ; the clearing network only transmits the fund transfer information of the net amount of the day's network transaction clearing between banks after the trading network is closed.
2. Clearing, reconciliation and liquidation
In this dual network system , the whole process of inter-bank transaction including final clearing should generally go through two stages :
Real-time trading stage and daily settlement and clearing stage.
In the real-time transaction stage , it is generally initiated by the cardholder on the terminal of the correspondent bank, and sent to the host of the issuing bank through the host of the correspondent bank and the exchange center. Correspondent Bank Trading Terminal. For financial transactions , the settlement between the issuing bank and the customer is generally completed at the transaction stage. However , there is no clearing between the issuing bank and the correspondent bank. in pending state. The information transmitted online is the transfer of funds between the cardholder and the bank.
The clearing stage is carried out after the log switch , and is divided into clearing, reconciliation and clearing.
1. Qing dynasty
Clearing is the data preparation stage of clearing , which mainly refers to all the network transaction data of the day according to the original, original, credit, debit, number of transactions, amount, net balance between each member bank. Summarize, organize, and categorize. The clearing is the main work of the network exchange center and the transaction host system of each member bank in the clearing stagethree-level clearing data will be generated.
· The net clearing amount of each member bank to the network exchange center.
· Various summaries of transactions between member banks.
· All online transaction details of the day.
对于金融交易的清分,交换中心和各成员行主机根据各自的交易流水记录即可进行。对于授权交易,日间交易期间并不扣减客户帐户余额,日结后也并不根据交易流水进行清分和清算,一般采取日结后由代理行批量上传交易数据,而后进行清分。如MasterCard国际组织的清分系统INET规定,每日23时、次日5时、9时,圣路易中心分三次接收成员行批量上传授权类交易明细数据,清分后于10时,向其清算银行(纽约的化学银行)提交清算数据,由化学银行实施清算。同时,5时、9时、23时(较上传滞后一个时段)分三次向成员行批量下传经中心清分后的授权交易明细数据,供发卡行记客户信用卡帐。
2.对帐
对帐(Reconciliation)以清分为基础,交换中心与成员行之间通过ISO 8583的对帐报文05XX,使用第一级清分数据(填入97#域)、第二级清分数据(填入74#--89#域)进行汇总性的网上联机对帐。当联机对帐不平时,应采取措施调取相应的第三级数据即交易明细数据,进行脱机性的明细对帐。网上传输的是交易记录信息,而非银行之间的资金转移信息。
3.清算
清算(Settlement)在清分与对帐的基础上进行,交换中心向清算银行(中心)提交各成员行与交换中心之间的净额清算数据,由清算银行(中心)按照预先商定的清算方式发起清算。在成员行的清算帐户之间实施清算划付,或通过清算网络传递资金调拨指令,完成银行间的清算。为了确保清算的正确性,可在清算结束后,由各成员行的清算系统将清算数据送达银行卡系统,再作一次末端对帐。清算网络及流程见图。清算网络由清算中心和各成员行的清算系统组成,网上传递的是银行之间的资金转移信息。图中,1代表交换中心向清算中心提交清分后的净额清算数据,2代表清算网络内的清算支付指令信息,3代表在成员行内,清算系统向银行卡系统传送清算信息,作清算后的末端对帐。
@@I1;图1 清算网络及流程@@
三、交易网络的清算处理过程
银行卡异地互联网络的清算,是一个涉及面广的系统工程。其中包括:
·业务部门与技术部门之间。
·业务制度与技术系统之间。
·交换中心与成员行的银行卡系统之间。
·清算中心与成员行清算系统之间。
·交换中心与清算中心之间。
·成员行内的银行卡系统与清算系统之间。
·实时交易与日终批处理之间等。
交换中心和成员行的银行卡系统主要是完成其中的清分对帐,配合清算系统完成网络清算。交易网络中,与清算有关的处理过程包括:
1.交易报文中的网络日期域 整个交易网络系统24小时不间断连续运行,采取日终批量净额清算方式。交换中心和成员行系统在交易日志切换(Cut Off)后,各自从交易明细日志中根据网络交易日期提取数据,进行清分、对帐、清算。因此必须同步中心和成员行的网络交易日期。网络日期一般采用ISO8583的清算日期域(15#)。在实时交易中,交易报文一般总是包含该域,交换中心、代理方和发卡方均应校验该域,一旦发现网络日期异步,即应拒绝,并采取措施重新同步网络日期。
2.日志切换 系统配置的日切时刻(一般为夜间交易低谷时间),将激活中心的日切程序,交换中心向成员行发出日切开始命令(0800报文,网管代码201),成员行据此完成对上日切:
·更新对上网络日期变量;
·建立和启用新的交易日志;
·关闭当前交易日志;
·向交换中心发出日切响应报文(0810报文,网管代码201)。
·日切开始后,交换中心进入双日志运行状态,若干分钟后,交换中心关闭前日日志,完成网络日切。
3.日结清分 日切后,对于02XX交易,交换中心和成员行分别依据各自的交易日志进行日结清分处理(成员行若未建立专门的对上日志,应从其交易日志中按照网络交易日期字段提取交易记录,形成对上清分数据);对于01XX授权交易,在中心与成员行交换交易记录数据的基础上进行清分。
4.网络对帐 (1)联机对帐 清分结束后,交换中心与各成员行之间通过05XX报文进行网上联机对帐。对帐内容可包括:借记、贷记、转帐、授权、查询交易及其撤消的笔数、交易总额、处理费总额、交易费总额(交易额与处理费之和)、净清算额,即ISO 8583中74# ～ 89#、97#数据元。 (2)明细对帐 如果联机对帐出现不一致,即应转入明细对帐处理: ·成员行将有关交易流水以文件方式上传交换中心,如果网络交易负载较重或通信带宽不足,可将交易流水文件卸载到PC机,以其它通信方式上传交换中心。 ·交换中心收到上传流水后,即可与交换中心自身的交易流水比对,进行明细对帐,查出问题,予以修正。
5.清分数据提交 对帐后,交换中心向清算银行(中心)提交清分数据,其内容为各成员行的净清算额(因为采取日终批量净额清算方式),其形式可以是纸介质、磁介质、报文通信、文件传输、分布式数据库等,具体形式要根据交换中心与其清算银行(中心)的技术关系而定。 清分数据中还可能包括以前交易的清算数据调整项。
6.清算流程 清算银行(中心)收到清分数据后,即可发起自上而下的清算处理,进入清算网络系统内的清算流程。清算信息由清算银行(中心)发往成员行清算系统。后者完成清算处理的同时,也可将该清算净额数据送往本行银行卡交易系统(交换分中心或联网业务主机),进行末端对帐。
7.成员行末端对帐 成员行的银行卡系统收到本级清算系统(或有关业务部门)的清算信息后,与系统中保存的相应数据比对,确保准确无误,完成清算后的最终对帐,结束对帐清分的全过程。在对帐、清算的过程中,当发现交易各方的清算记录不一致时,可能引起事后的清算调整,由相应的差错控制制度和措施予以处理。