Thread communication concept: Threads are independent individuals in the operating system, but these individuals cannot become a whole without special treatment, and the communication between threads becomes one of the necessary methods of the whole. When there is a communication command between threads, the interaction between systems The performance will be more powerful, while improving the utilization of CPU, it will also enable developers to effectively control and supervise the process of thread task processing.
- Use the wait and notify methods to communicate between threads (note that these two methods are both methods of the object class, in other words, java provides these two methods for all objects)
- wait and notify must be used with the synchronized keyword
- The wait method releases the lock, the notify method does not release the lock
Second, the communication method between threads
①Synchronization
The synchronization mentioned here refers to the communication between multiple threads through the synchronized keyword.
Reference example:
public class MyObject {
synchronized public void methodA() {
//do something....
}
synchronized public void methodB() {
//do some other thing
}
}
public class ThreadA extends Thread {
private MyObject object;
// Omit the constructor
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
object.methodA();
}
}
public class ThreadB extends Thread {
private MyObject object;
// Omit the constructor
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
object.methodB();
}
}
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyObject object = new MyObject();
//Thread A and thread B hold the same object: object
ThreadA a = new ThreadA(object);
ThreadB b = new ThreadB(object);
a.start();
b.start();
}
}
Since thread A and thread B hold the same object object of the MyObject class, although these two threads need to call different methods, they are executed synchronously. For example, thread B needs to wait for thread A to finish executing the methodA() method. It can execute the methodB() method. In this way, thread A and thread B communicate.
This method is essentially a "shared memory" type of communication. Multiple threads need to access the same shared variable, and whoever gets the lock (gets the access right) can execute it.
②While polling method
code show as below:
1 import java.util.ArrayList;
2 import java.util.List;
3
4 public class MyList {
5
6 private List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
7 public void add() {
8 list.add("elements");
9 }
10 public int size() {
11 return list.size();
12 }
13 }
14
15 import mylist.MyList;
16
17 public class ThreadA extends Thread {
18
19 private MyList list;
20
21 public ThreadA(MyList list) {
22 super();
23 this.list = list;
24 }
25
26 @Override
27 public void run() {
28 try {
29 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
30 list.add();
31 System.out.println("添加了" + (i + 1) + "个元素");
32 Thread.sleep(1000);
33 }
34 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
35 e.printStackTrace();
36 }
37 }
38 }
39
40 import mylist.MyList;
41
42 public class ThreadB extends Thread {
43
44 private MyList list;
45
46 public ThreadB(MyList list) {
47 super();
48 this.list = list;
49 }
50
51 @Override
52 public void run() {
53 try {
54 while (true) {
55 if (list.size() == 5) {
56 System.out.println("==5, 线程b准备退出了");
57 throw new InterruptedException();
58 }
59 }
60 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
61 e.printStackTrace();
62 }
63 }
64 }
65
66 import mylist.MyList;
67 import extthread.ThreadA;
68 import extthread.ThreadB;
69
70 public class Test {
71
72 public static void main(String[] args) {
73 MyList service = new MyList();
74
75 ThreadA a = new ThreadA(service);
76 a.setName("A");
77 a.start();
78
79 ThreadB b = new ThreadB(service);
80 b.setName("B");
81 b.start();
82 }
83 }
在这种方式下，线程A不断地改变条件，线程ThreadB不停地通过while语句检测这个条件(list.size()==5)是否成立 ，从而实现了线程间的通信。但是这种方式会浪费CPU资源。之所以说它浪费资源，是因为JVM调度器将CPU交给线程B执行时，它没做啥“有用”的工作，只是在不断地测试 某个条件是否成立。就类似于现实生活中，某个人一直看着手机屏幕是否有电话来了，而不是： 在干别的事情，当有电话来时，响铃通知TA电话来了。关于线程的轮询的影响，可参考：JAVA多线程之当一个线程在执行死循环时会影响另外一个线程吗？
这种方式还存在另外一个问题：
轮询的条件的可见性问题，关于内存可见性问题，可参考：JAVA多线程之volatile 与 synchronized 的比较中的第一点“一，volatile关键字的可见性”
线程都是先把变量读取到本地线程栈空间，然后再去再去修改的本地变量。因此，如果线程B每次都在取本地的 条件变量，那么尽管另外一个线程已经改变了轮询的条件，它也察觉不到，这样也会造成死循环。
③wait/notify机制
代码如下：
1 import java.util.ArrayList;
2 import java.util.List;
3
4 public class MyList {
5
6 private static List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
7
8 public static void add() {
9 list.add("anyString");
10 }
11
12 public static int size() {
13 return list.size();
14 }
15 }
16
17
18 public class ThreadA extends Thread {
19
20 private Object lock;
21
22 public ThreadA(Object lock) {
23 super();
24 this.lock = lock;
25 }
26
27 @Override
28 public void run() {
29 try {
30 synchronized (lock) {
31 if (MyList.size() != 5) {
32 System.out.println("wait begin "
33 + System.currentTimeMillis());
34 lock.wait();
35 System.out.println("wait end "
36 + System.currentTimeMillis());
37 }
38 }
39 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
40 e.printStackTrace();
41 }
42 }
43 }
44
45
46 public class ThreadB extends Thread {
47 private Object lock;
48
49 public ThreadB(Object lock) {
50 super();
51 this.lock = lock;
52 }
53
54 @Override
55 public void run() {
56 try {
57 synchronized (lock) {
58 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
59 MyList.add();
60 if (MyList.size() == 5) {
61 lock.notify();
62 System.out.println("已经发出了通知");
63 }
64 System.out.println("添加了" + (i + 1) + "个元素!");
65 Thread.sleep(1000);
66 }
67 }
68 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
69 e.printStackTrace();
70 }
71 }
72 }
73
74 public class Run {
75
76 public static void main(String[] args) {
77
78 try {
79 Object lock = new Object();
80
81 ThreadA a = new ThreadA(lock);
82 a.start();
83
84 Thread.sleep(50);
85
86 ThreadB b = new ThreadB(lock);
87 b.start();
88 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
89 e.printStackTrace();
90 }
91 }
92 }
线程A要等待某个条件满足时(list.size()==5)，才执行操作。线程B则向list中添加元素，改变list 的size。
A,B之间如何通信的呢？也就是说，线程A如何知道 list.size() 已经为5了呢？
这里用到了Object类的 wait() 和 notify() 方法。
当条件未满足时(list.size() !=5)，线程A调用wait() 放弃CPU，并进入阻塞状态。---不像②while轮询那样占用CPU
当条件满足时，线程B调用 notify()通知 线程A，所谓通知线程A，就是唤醒线程A，并让它进入可运行状态。
这种方式的一个好处就是CPU的利用率提高了。
但是也有一些缺点：比如，线程B先执行，一下子添加了5个元素并调用了notify()发送了通知，而此时线程A还执行；当线程A执行并调用wait()时，那它永远就不可能被唤醒了。因为，线程B已经发了通知了，以后不再发通知了。这说明：通知过早，会打乱程序的执行逻辑。
④Pipe communication is to use java.io.PipedInputStream and java.io.PipedOutputStream to communicate
It will not be introduced in detail. There are two communication mechanisms in distributed systems: shared memory mechanism and message communication mechanism. I feel that the synchronized keyword in the previous ① and the while polling in ② "belong to" the shared memory mechanism. When the polling condition is modified with the volatile keyword, it means that they pass judgment on this "shared condition variable" Whether it has been changed to achieve inter-process communication.
Pipeline communication is more like a message passing mechanism, that is, a message from one thread is sent to another through a pipe.