2018 TypeScript Update(1)Introduction Basic Grammar - Types and Interface
Check the Current ENV
>node --version && npm --version
v8.0.0
5.6.0
Install TypeScript
>npm install -g typescript
Check Version
>tsc --version
Version 2.7.2
Language Related
http://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html
Basic Types
Boolean
let isDone: boolean = false;
Number
let decimal: number = 6;
let binary: number = 0b1010;
String
let color: string = “blue”;
let fullName: string = `Carl Luo`;
let age: number = 36;
let sentence: string = `Hello, my name is ${ fullName }.
I will be ${ age + 1} years old next year.`;
${} and `` in string are really useful.
Array
let list: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
let list: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3];
Tuple
let x : [string, number];
x = [“hello”, 10];
// x[0] is “hello”
// x[1] is 10
Enum
enum Color { Red, Green, Blue}
let c: Color = Color.Green;
enum Color {Red = 1, Green = 2, Blue = 4}
Any
let notSure: any = 4;
let list: any[] = [1, true, “free"];
Void
function warnUser(): void {
alert(“warning");
}
Null and Undefined
null undefined
Never
unreachable end point
Force the Type
let someValue: any = “this is a string”;
let strLength: number = (<string>someValue).length;
let strLength: number = (someValue as string).length;
http://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/variable-declarations.html
Variable Declarations
let and const
for (var i = 0;i<10;i++){
setTimeout(function() { console.log(i);}, 100*i);
}
the output will be 10,10,10,10…
not 0,1,2,3,...
Interface
http://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/interfaces.html
interface LabelledValue {
label: string;
}
function printLabel(labelledObj: LabelledValue){
console.log(labelledObj.label);
}
let myObj = { size: 10, label: “size 10 object”};
printLabel(myObj);
Optional Properties
interface SquareConfig {
color?: string;
width?: number;
}
Readonly Properties
interface Point {
readonly x: number;
readonly y: number;
}
let p1: Point = { x: 10, y:20 };
p1.x = 5; //error!
let a: number[] = [1, 2, 3, 4];
let ro: ReadonlyArray<number> = a; //once assigned, you can not change
ro[0] = 12; //error
a = ro as number[];
readonly VS const
Variables use const whereas properties use readonly.
Excess Property Checks
let mySqure = createSquare( { width: 100, opacity: 0.5 } as SquareConfig );
This will require the format in SquareConfig
interface SquareConfig {
color?: string;
width?: number;
[propName: string]: any;
}
Function Types
interface SearchFunc {
(source: string, subString: string): boolean;
}
Define the params and return value for Function
let mySearch: SearchFunc;
mySearch = function(source: string, subString: string){
let result = source.search(subString);
return result > -1;
}
Indexable Types
interface StringArray {
[index: number]: string;
}
let myArray: StringArray;
myArray = [“Bob”, “Fred"];
let myStr: string = myArray[0];
Readonly in Indexable Types
interface ReadonlyStringArray{
readonly [index: number]: string;
}
let myArray: ReadonlyStringArray = [“Alice”, “Bob”];
myArray[2] = “Mallory”;
Class Types
interface ClockInterface {
currentType: Date;
setTime(d: Date);
}
class Clock implements ClockInterface {
currentTime: Date;
setTime(d: Date){
this.currentTime = d;
}
constructor(h: number, m: number) {}
}
Extending Interfaces
one interface can extend multiple interfaces.
Hybrid Types
It works, but a little complex to understand. One object can be function and object.
interface Counter {
(start: number):string;
interval: number;
reset(): void;
}
function getCounter(): Counter {
let counter = <Counter> function (start: number) {};
counter.interval = 123;
counter.reset = function () {};
return counter;
}
let c = getCounter();
c(10);
c.reset();
c.interval = 5.0;
Interfaces Extending Classes
interface will inherits the members of the class, not the implementation
References:
http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/2285319
http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/2285543
2018 TypeScript Update(1)Introduction Basic Grammar - Types and Interface
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