Thing isolation level (problems between multiple things)
uncommitted read
One thing is not committed, another thing reads his modified data
commit read (default)
One thing read a piece of data before, another thing changed the data, and the later read is different
repeatable read
Even if other things are submitted, this thing is the old data when it is not submitted
serialize
All things execute sequentially
[Mysql]——Understand the 4 isolation levels of transactions through examples
The SQL standard defines four isolation levels, including some specific rules to limit which changes inside and outside the transaction are visible and which are invisible.
Low-level isolation levels generally support higher concurrent processing and have lower system overhead.
First, we use the test database, create a new tx table, and open two windows as shown to operate the same database:
Level 1: Read Uncommitted
(1) All transactions can see the execution results of other uncommitted transactions
(2) This isolation level is rarely used in practical applications because its performance is not much better than other levels
(3) The problems caused by this level are- Dirty Read : Read uncommitted data
#First , modify the isolation level
set tx_isolation='READ-UNCOMMITTED'; select @@tx_isolation; +------------------+ | @@tx_isolation | +------------------+ | READ-UNCOMMITTED | +------------------+ #Transaction A: start a transaction start transaction; select * from tx; +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+ #事务B：也启动一个事务(那么两个事务交叉了)
在事务B中执行更新语句，且不提交 start transaction; update tx set num=10 where id=1; select * from tx; +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 10 | | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+ #事务A：那么这时候事务A能看到这个更新了的数据吗? select * from tx; +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 10 | --->可以看到！说明我们读到了事务B还没有提交的数据 | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+ #事务B：事务B回滚,仍然未提交 rollback; select * from tx; +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+ #事务A：在事务A里面看到的也是B没有提交的数据 select * from tx; +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | --->脏读意味着我在这个事务中(A中)，事务B虽然没有提交，但它任何一条数据变化，我都可以看到！ | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+
第2级别：Read Committed(读取提交内容)
(1)这是大多数数据库系统的默认隔离级别（但不是MySQL默认的）
(2)它满足了隔离的简单定义：一个事务只能看见已经提交事务所做的改变
(3)这种隔离级别出现的问题是——不可重复读(Nonrepeatable Read)：不可重复读意味着我们在同一个事务中执行完全相同的select语句时可能看到不一样的结果。
|——>导致这种情况的原因可能有：(1)有一个交叉的事务有新的commit，导致了数据的改变;(2)一个数据库被多个实例操作时,同一事务的其他实例在该实例处理其间可能会有新的commit
#首先修改隔离级别
set tx_isolation='read-committed'; select @@tx_isolation; +----------------+ | @@tx_isolation | +----------------+ | READ-COMMITTED | +----------------+ #事务A：启动一个事务 start transaction; select * from tx; +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+ #事务B：也启动一个事务(那么两个事务交叉了)
在这事务中更新数据，且未提交 start transaction; update tx set num=10 where id=1; select * from tx; +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 10 | | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+ #事务A：这个时候我们在事务A中能看到数据的变化吗? select * from tx; ---------------> +------+------+ | | id | num | | +------+------+ | | 1 | 1 |--->并不能看到！ | | 2 | 2 | | | 3 | 3 | | +------+------+ |——>相同的select语句，结果却不一样 | #事务B：如果提交了事务B呢? | commit; | | #事务A: | select * from tx; ---------------> +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 10 |--->因为事务B已经提交了，所以在A中我们看到了数据变化 | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+
第3级别：Repeatable Read(可重读)
(1)这是MySQL的默认事务隔离级别
(2)它确保同一事务的多个实例在并发读取数据时，会看到同样的数据行
(3)此级别可能出现的问题——幻读(Phantom Read)：当用户读取某一范围的数据行时，另一个事务又在该范围内插入了新行，当用户再读取该范围的数据行时，会发现有新的“幻影” 行
(4)InnoDB和Falcon存储引擎通过多版本并发控制(MVCC，Multiversion Concurrency Control)机制解决了该问题
#首先，更改隔离级别
set tx_isolation='repeatable-read'; select @@tx_isolation; +-----------------+ | @@tx_isolation | +-----------------+ | REPEATABLE-READ | +-----------------+ #事务A：启动一个事务 start transaction; select * from tx; +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+ #事务B：开启一个新事务(那么这两个事务交叉了)
在事务B中更新数据，并提交 start transaction; update tx set num=10 where id=1; select * from tx; +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 10 | | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+ commit; #事务A：这时候即使事务B已经提交了,但A能不能看到数据变化？ select * from tx; +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | --->还是看不到的！(这个级别2不一样，也说明级别3解决了不可重复读问题) | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+ #事务A：只有当事务A也提交了，它才能够看到数据变化 commit; select * from tx; +------+------+ | id | num | +------+------+ | 1 | 10 | | 2 | 2 | | 3 | 3 | +------+------+
第4级别：Serializable(可串行化)
(1)这是最高的隔离级别
(2)它通过强制事务排序，使之不可能相互冲突，从而解决幻读问题。简言之,它是在每个读的数据行上加上共享锁。
(3)在这个级别，可能导致大量的超时现象和锁竞争
#首先修改隔离界别
set tx_isolation='serializable'; select @@tx_isolation; +----------------+ | @@tx_isolation | +----------------+ | SERIALIZABLE | +----------------+ #事务A：开启一个新事务 start transaction; #事务B：在A没有commit之前，这个交叉事务是不能更改数据的 start transaction; insert tx values('4','4'); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction update tx set num=10 where id=1; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
