Introduction to ten keywords of artificial intelligence

 01 Artificial Intelligence

Professor Winston of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believes: "Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do intelligent work that only humans could do in the past." These statements reflect the basic ideas and basic content of artificial intelligence. That is, artificial intelligence is the study of the laws of human intelligence activities, the construction of artificial systems with certain intelligence, and the study of how to make computers perform tasks that required human intelligence in the past , that is, how to apply computer software and hardware to simulate certain human intelligence Basic theories, methods and techniques of behavior.

02 Machine Learning

Machine Learning (ML) is a multi-field interdisciplinary subject involving probability theory, statistics, approximation theory , convex analysis , algorithm complexity theory and other disciplines. It specializes in how computers simulate or realize human learning behaviors to acquire new knowledge or skills, and to reorganize existing knowledge structures to continuously improve their performance. It is the core of artificial intelligence and the fundamental way to make computers intelligent.

03 Neural Network

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs for short), also referred to as Neural Networks (NNs) or Connection Models, is an algorithmic mathematics that imitates the behavioral characteristics of animal neural networks and performs distributed parallel information processing. Model. This kind of network depends on the complexity of the system, and achieves the purpose of processing information by adjusting the interconnected relationship between a large number of internal nodes.

04 Deep Learning

The concept of deep learning originated from the study of artificial neural networks . A multilayer perceptron with multiple hidden layers is a deep learning structure. Deep learning combines low-level features to form more abstract high-level representation attribute categories or features to discover distributed feature representations of data.

05 Pattern recognition

Pattern recognition refers to the process of processing and analyzing various forms of (numerical, textual and logical relationship) information that characterize things or phenomena to describe, identify, classify and explain things or phenomena.

06 Expert System

Expert system is an intelligent computer program system, which contains a large amount of knowledge and experience at the level of experts in a certain field, and can use the knowledge and problem-solving methods of human experts to deal with problems in the field. That is to say, an expert system is a program system with a large amount of specialized knowledge and experience. It applies artificial intelligence technology and computer technology to reason and judge according to the knowledge and experience provided by one or more experts in a certain field, simulating human experts. In order to solve complex problems that require human experts to deal with, an expert system is a computer program system that simulates human experts to solve domain problems. Expert system is the most important and active application field in artificial intelligence. It realizes a major breakthrough in artificial intelligence from theoretical research to practical application, from general reasoning strategy discussion to the use of specialized knowledge .

07 Creativity

Creativity is a comprehensive ability unique to human beings. Creativity is the ability to generate new ideas, discover and create new things. It is a psychological quality necessary for the successful completion of some creative activity . It is composed of complex and multi-factor comprehensive optimization of knowledge, intelligence, ability and excellent personality quality.

08 Agent

An agent refers to a computing entity that resides in a certain environment, can continue to function autonomously, and has the characteristics of persistence, reactivity, sociality, and initiative.

09 TPU (Tensor Processing Unit).

TPU（Tensor Processing Unit）即张量处理单元，是一款为机器学习而定制的芯片，经过了专门深度机器学习方面的训练，它有更高效能（每瓦计算能力）。因为它能加速其第二代人工智能系统TensorFlow的运行，而且效率也大大超过GPU――Google的深层神经网络就是由TensorFlow引擎驱动的。TPU是专为机器学习量身定做的，执行每个操作所需的晶体管数量更少，自然效率更高。

10 AlphaGo

阿尔法围棋（ AlphaGo）是第一个击败人类职业 围棋选手、第一个战胜 围棋世界冠军的人工智能程序，由 谷歌（Google）旗下 DeepMind公司 戴密斯·哈萨比斯领衔的团队开发。其主要工作原理是“ 深度学习”。2016年3月，阿尔法围棋与围棋世界冠军、职业九段棋手 李世石进行 围棋人机大战，以4比1的总比分获胜；2016年末2017年初，该程序在中国棋类网站上以“ 大师”（Master）为注册帐号与中日韩数十位围棋高手进行快棋对决，连续60局无一败绩；2017年5月，在 中国乌镇围棋峰会上，它与排名世界第一的世界围棋冠军 柯洁对战，以3比0的总比分获胜。围棋界公认阿尔法围棋的棋力已经超过人类职业围棋顶尖水平，在GoRatings网站公布的世界职业围棋排名中，其等级分曾超过排名人类第一的棋手柯洁。