1. Background introduction

1.1 Background

Why do you need to learn efficient learning methods and understand brain thinking
? Why do others read more than ten books a year and still remember them deeply
, but you read two books but only remember the titles of the books. When others finish their work efficiently in one day, it takes you a week or more to continue working every day. Overtime
You may say that you don't need any thinking or good methods,
but these are often the key to the decisive role, so if you want to make yourself able to turn "knowledge" into practical "wisdom". It is necessary to learn and master the corresponding brain thinking methods and efficient learning methods, so as to better cope with the doubts in school and work, and let one's own inspiration continue to flow naturally. At the same time, it can also improve our abilities in all aspects and make ourselves better and better.

1. Brain thinking is a network, connected by particle nodes
2. It is easier to absorb knowledge in units of points
3. Receiving new knowledge will connect itself to this network, become one of the particle nodes, and connect with other related nodes
4. In terms of the general direction, receiving new knowledge can also be called, if there is a fusion node, if not, a new node is created. The large node is composed of countless child nodes.
5. As time goes by, the node will gradually dim or even disappear. , depending on the size of the nodes and whether the connections between nodes are tight
6. A dim node can enhance its organization and size by receiving new knowledge and reviewing existing
knowledge
Very
weak connection in category, but negligible connection in content You enter a new world and connect to a network of nodes that you are not connected to.
10. Other people's thinking may not be suitable for you, but the more you know, the more you think, and the more suitable you are to find the thinking that is more suitable for you.
11. Rome was not built in a day Yes, so is thinking. Excellent people's thinking may not be learned immediately. It is good to learn slowly, and then build their own.
12. Know how to respect and understand individual differences
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Biological aspects
Although 10 years have passed, I still vaguely remember some concepts of neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters that my teacher taught at that time. Musk's brain computer can only achieve 1 million neurons. It is expected that in the future, the interaction between the human brain and the computer, and the conversion of neurotransmitters and binary can be realized. People are at home, thinking in another world, similar to the novel. The world, the virtual world feels real!
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Neuron
Neuron cells are the most basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. It is divided into two parts: cell body and protrusion. There are two types of protrusions: dendrites and axons.
The role of the cell body to communicate and integrate incoming and outgoing information.
Dendrites receive impulses from other neuron axons and pass them to
the cell body.
Synapse
1896 C. S. Sherrington named the functional junction between neurons as synapse
. Neurotransmitter
is a chemical substance that transmits information between neurons or between neurons and effector cells. In the process of neuron information transmission, when When a neuron is stimulated by signals from the environment or other neurons, the transmitters stored in the presynaptic vesicles can be released to the synaptic cleft, act on the corresponding receptors in the postsynaptic membrane, and transmit the transmitter signals to the lower cells. a neuron.

2. Summary of thinking methods and efficient learning methods

2.1. Ways of thinking

2.1.1 Definition of thinking method

The thinking method is the way, means or method that people rely on to achieve a specific thinking purpose through thinking activities, that is, the tools and means used in the thinking process. The way of thinking belongs to the category of the way of thinking. The way of thinking is a complex system composed of various levels and elements. According to their different scopes, thinking methods can be divided into three levels: general thinking methods, common thinking methods of each specific science, and thinking methods unique to each science.

Dialectical relationship
Any method of thinking is the dialectical unity of subjectivity and objectivity. Its dialectical relationship is embodied in:
1. The way of thinking is ultimately a reflection of the relationship and laws between objective things.
2. The development of thinking methods is restricted by objective conditions such as the scale and level of social practice and the degree of development of practice methods, and develops with the development of social and historical practice.
3. The choice and evaluation of thinking methods are objective, and this objectivity lies in the applicability of thinking methods, that is, whether the thinking methods are consistent and compatible with the objects of knowledge and practice.

2.1.2 Classification of thinking methods

1. Basic logical thinking: induction and deduction ,
analysis and synthesis
, abstraction and generalization,
comparative thinking,
causal thinking, and recursion is the reasoning step by step according to causal relationships or hierarchical relationships.
Reverse thinking The
reverse thinking method is the opposite of the causal thinking method. Reverse thinking is the reasoning of the cause from the result.

2. System thinking: things at the upper and lower levels are attributable, things at the same level are in juxtaposition (usually cooperating with each other), systems are changing, system interfaces and loopholes.

3. Materialist dialectical thinking
There are three basic laws of materialist dialectics:
(1) The law of unity of opposites: things and things both contain contradictions, and the two contradictory sides of things are unified and struggle to promote the movement, change and development of things. For example: the contradiction between ideal and reality makes people struggle, thus transforming ideal into reality.
(2) The law of mutual transformation of quality: the development of things and phenomena caused by internal contradictions is achieved through the mutual transformation of quantitative and qualitative changes. For example: blowing up a balloon. Blow little by little (quantitative change), blow to a certain extent, the balloon will explode (quality change).
(3) The law of negation of negation: the development of things is realized through its own dialectical negation. A thing is a unity of positive and negative aspects. When the positive aspect dominates, the thing retains its existing nature, characteristics and tendency; when the negative aspect within the thing overcomes the positive aspect and takes the dominant position of contradiction, the nature, characteristics and trend of the thing change, and the old thing becomes Transform into something new. Negation is the fundamental denial of the quality of the old things, but it is not the simple abandonment of the old things, but the sublation of the unity of change and inheritance. Each stage in the development of things is a negation of the previous stage, and at the same time it is also negated by the latter stage. After the negation of negation, the movement of things appears as a cycle, repeating some features of the old stage on a higher stage, thus constituting the periodic spiral and wave-like rise of things from low-level to high-level, from simple to complex The forward development process reflects the twists and turns of the development of things.

Four: Innovative thinking
1. Divergent and convergent
thinking: starting from one goal, thinking along various ways, thinking in multiple directions, angles, and levels, such as "multiple solutions for one question", "multiple writing for one issue" ”, “multiple use of one thing”, etc.
Convergent thinking: In the process of solving problems, using existing knowledge and experience as much as possible, gradually guide a large number of information and problem-solving possibilities into a logical sequence, and finally arrive at a logical norm. in conclusion.
2. Associative thinking
Associative thinking is a free thinking activity without a fixed thinking direction that produces connections between different things. Types of Associative Thinking: Approaching associative. It means that the proximity in time or space may cause associations between different things. For example, when you meet a university teacher, you may think of his past lectures. Similar associations. Refers to the association caused by similarity in appearance, nature, and meaning. If you associate yourself with photos, etc. Compare Lenovo. It is an association caused by the complete opposition or the existence of some kind of difference between things. Its outstanding characteristics are rebellious, challenging and critical. causal association. It refers to the association caused by the causal relationship between two things. This association is often bidirectional, either from the cause to the effect, or from the effect to the cause.
3. Multi-angle thinking
Think about problems from many different angles, and different angles have different findings. Example: A little boy said, "There is a five-pointed star in the apple." This is incomprehensible. The little boy put the apple on the table and cut it in the middle, and he found a clear five-pointed pattern in the apple. Example: The sales of brocade white handkerchiefs produced by a handkerchief factory were blocked, and there was a backlog of 200,000 pieces. According to habitual thinking, handkerchiefs are always used to wipe hands and sweat. However, the sales staff changed their way of thinking. In addition to their practical functions, handkerchiefs should also have beautifying functions. However, there is no handkerchief factory in the market that is positioned for beautifying functions. They were delighted by this discovery. They reprocessed the 200,000 handkerchiefs in stock, printed patterns on them, accompanied by instructions, and put them back on the market. null.
4. Lateral thinking
Lateral thinking is when thinking about problems, not from a positive perspective, but directing attention to other areas and things outside, so as to be inspired and find new ideas beyond the limited conditions. Example: More than 100 years ago, Austrian doctor Ornbrugger wanted to solve the problem of how to detect pleural effusion in people. He thought about it and suddenly thought of his father. His father was a wine merchant and he In the wine industry, as long as you tap a wine barrel with your hand, you can know how much wine is in the barrel by the sound of the tap, Aonbrugger thought: The human chest is similar to a wine barrel. If you tap the chest with your hand, Can't we diagnose the condition of pleural effusion with sound? The method of "percussion" was invented in this way.
5.U-shaped thinking
From the perspective of thinking, there are linear thinking and U-shaped thinking. In the process of solving problems, it would be great if you can use straight-line thinking to solve the problem, because the direct solution is the shortest, but it is difficult to solve many problems with straight-line thinking. At this time, U-shaped thinking is used to observe and think. , may solve the problem. The basic feature of using U-shaped thinking is to avoid the straight and bend, and let the thinking take a big turn. In actual operation, how can the thinking turn this corner well? Transitional thinking through the intervention of a "third party" is a commonly used turning technique. For example, the freezer in the refrigerator is full of freon and lubricating oil. If the seal is not good, freon and lubricating oil will leak out. The traditional leak detection method is direct observation, which is time-consuming, labor-intensive and unreliable. Can a new method be invented to realize automatic detection? Some people have thought of a way to avoid the straight line: inject lubricating oil mixed with fluorescent powder into the refrigerator, and then irradiate the refrigerator with ultraviolet light in a dark room, and judge whether there is leakage or leakage according to the appearance of fluorescence. Where does it happen. In this method, phosphors and UV light are "third parties".

2.2. Effective learning methods

2.2.1 Quantitative method

The essence of quantitative method is to set the amount of a task and execute it every day, so that it can gradually accumulate from a small amount to a large amount, thereby achieving qualitative change.
Example: Haruki Murakami used this method to write 4,000 words every day. No matter what happened, whether it was windy or rainy, he resolutely wrote 4,000 words no more than no less. It only took a few years to write. From a 30-year-old wage earner who could only make ends meet, he became a novelist who swept the world.
Almost all the great people around me have quantitative habits. Therefore, if you want to be good in English, you should listen to listening for 20 minutes every day and recite 20 words; if you want to be good at math, you should solve a problem you don’t understand every day and form a habit. If you want to be good in Chinese, take 30 minutes every day to do a lot of effective reading, and do these steps every day. If you can't improve your grades, you can find me. We tend to overestimate our changes in one month, but underestimate what we can achieve in one year and ten years.

2.2.2 Flow method

What is flow state
? "Flow state" means that people can concentrate on one thing and do one thing without thinking.
If you read some famous biography books or articles, you will find that many of those famous people have entered a state of high concentration.
For example, Einstein's selfless work, Buffett's focused thinking, Newton's easy to trance...
Successful people can enter a state similar to "entering meditation". And this state is very conducive to the activity of the brain, so that thinking more quickly.
In fact, you may also have felt this state. For example, in a more important exam, you will find that time has passed in a blink of an eye.
When you are playing games or reading novels, it is early morning before you know it.
It is said that mastering the flow mode of people has become a knowledge that excellent game developers must master.

2. How to enter the flow mode
To enter the flow mode, you can try the following methods:
Do what you tend to do.
If you want to enter the flow mode, the first thing is what you want to do, what you want to do, and what you must do. .
If you think about why it is easy to enter the flow mode in the game, it is because you like it very much and there is no psychological resistance.
If you look at those famous musicians or artists, many people enter the state of flow because of their extreme love for their careers.
But sometimes you do something that doesn't seem to be your favorite, so how do you deal with it? You can try to change your mind.
Do the same thing, if you can change the way you think about doing it, you can bring about a different perception. This is the famous ABC rule.
If the leader gives you something you don't really want to do, but you have to do it, then you can try to understand it in different ways.
For example, it made me grow faster than others, or it taught me a different skill when solving problems.
Or it can be said that I missed the crowded rush hour... In short, positive thinking makes it easier for you to enter the flow mode.

3. The core of flow method:
1) Set clear goals
You may have many goals, but whether the goals are clear or not is the way to distinguish between effective goals and invalid goals. As I have written in previous articles, an effective goal must have specific, executable methods.
2) We need timely feedback.
What I want to tell you is: you should not only do positive feedback, but also do negative feedback, because whether it is positive or negative, it will help you. Because the positive makes you happy and the negative makes you unhappy, these are all kinds of stimulation.
Our human brain needs stimulation to change. You can't stick to one thing, and you can't enter a state of flow, also because the stimulation is not in place. You can think back to when you played games in the past, and you basically got a thrill of success or failure in a very short period of time. And this kind of constant stimulation makes you slowly enter the state of flow, forget time and self, and continue to indulge.
If you imagine your life as a VR game, you can set big goals into relatively small and reasonable tasks that can be "touched on tiptoe", such as what to do in an hour, what to do in the subway, what to do in the morning Task. Whether your task is a success or a failure, you must face up to the task and provide timely feedback. Your brain will become more and more active, and it will become easier and easier to enter a state of flow.
3) Step by step matching difficulty
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4) Eliminate distractions and concentrate on
getting into a state of flow, you must remove other distractions. There are too many distractions in this world, from cell phone information, colleagues and family members, life trivia, and even some wandering dreams that pop up in your mind, all of which are interfering with your life all the time. You see Einstein, Newton, Beethoven and other well-known scientists and artists, when they are working, they are in a mental state of complete ecstasy, which makes them indifferent to the disturbances around them. This is a state of extreme flow. In this state, your thoughts are highly concentrated and single-minded. Your whole soul is focused on solving this problem or some creations, and what you make is naturally different.
5) Find a way to feel extremely happy
. You should also find this feeling in your work and study. If you only feel pain after work and study are completed, then it is difficult for you to enter the flow mode. You must remember that everyone wants to gain joy, recognition and success.
I remember some people asking you to delay gratification, but you can actually simply reward yourself every time you accomplish a small goal.
For example, buying a cup of milk tea, eating a packet of snacks, dancing a dance, or even praising yourself in your heart, as long as it makes you feel a little happy, it will give you the motivation to continue to enter the flow mode.

Example: A professional marathon runner, after winning the championship, said in an interview that the reason he was able to finish the run was because he divided the long marathon into several small stages.
And every time he passed a small stage, he rewarded himself in his heart, made himself feel a sense of accomplishment, just such a joy and a joy, and finally completed the final marathon.
Those who succeed are mostly immersed in the joy of their work and study.

2.2.3 Deliberate practice method

The famous writer Gladwell said in the book "Outliers": "The reason why people think of genius is extraordinary is not superhuman talent, but continuous effort. 10,000 hours of tempering is any A necessary condition for a person to change from an ordinary person to a world-class master." This is what we often call the "law of 10,000 hours". In layman's terms, if you want to be successful in a certain area, you need to focus on that area for at least 10,000 hours. This theory emphasizes the importance of a lot of practice in achieving success, and it coincides with the "question sea tactics" we often use in learning. However, parents or children who have used the quiz tactics may have also discovered that the quiz tactics are not a hundred tests. In order to improve their grades, many children have to do a paper and write a few more in addition to completing the homework left by the school. There are new words, words, etc., but the grades do not seem to improve much, so what is the problem? In fact, the problem lies in the blindness of a large number of children's practice. After careful consideration, he found that he did make the paper, but only to fill the paper, and he did not realize the real problem in the study.

Deliberate practice refers to a large number of purposeful practice. Compared with the simple 10,000-hour rule, deliberate practice adds a requirement - purposeful. Applying it in learning requires you to know your real situation first, such as where you are doing well? Where there is a need to improve, and then practice it in a targeted manner, just like what our body lacks to make up for.
Compared with the solidified thinking mode formed by the simple questioning tactics, deliberate practice will not solidify a certain idea, but add twists and turns to deal with various other situations to the original main idea.

Core: Master the laws of science, practice a lot of repetitions
Deliberate practice is to find regular and repeated practice, and constantly revise and improve the method. It is also the core algorithm of artificial intelligence

2.2.4 Feynman learning method

1. Select the target area and fully understand the
concept Write the concept to be learned on paper, and try to be familiar with the concept as much as possible.
1. Be sure to organize the language in your mind and reflect it in writing
2. If you can't write it out, go back and see where you don't understand

2. Retell this concept
to others Retell what you have learned to the people around you. If not, you have to pretend to be a teacher (the daily life of a girl with a brain hole) and rehearse this concept to students. Remember, try to use simple Language, this step is to allow you to better integrate into your own understanding. When retelling, it will inevitably get stuck, or stutter, and the narrative will be incomplete. At this time, congratulations, I like to mention the weak point of knowledge concept. At this time, these weak points will be re-studied and consolidated until they are truly understood.

3. Re-learning after error correction Re-learn
the imperfect areas you just learned, returning to the raw materials or the book itself, until you can fluently explain the knowledge points you have learned.

4. Review and Streamline
After completing the above three steps, you must be able to explain the concept smoothly and accurately. Now what we need to do is to articulate the concept of knowledge in a language we understand.

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Simply put, what you learn can be taught to someone who doesn't understand, from big to small to big.

2.2.5 Framework method

When reading a book, you should think from the author’s point of view. This reverse operation and clearly list the thinking frame diagram. The method of repeated deduction is the frame method
example: if you read a book, the author sets the direction and the central idea first. , write the outline of the table of contents, and use the framework method to study according to the author's thinking in each chapter.
Example: During the test, you can analyze the knowledge points to be tested from the perspective of the test maker.

2.2.6 Mind Mapping

Mind map is an effective thinking mode, which is applied to the thinking "map" of memory, learning, thinking, etc., which is conducive to the expansion of human brain's diffusion thinking
. tool. It is a revolutionary thinking tool. Simple yet extremely effective. Mind mapping uses the technique of paying equal attention to both pictures and texts, expressing the relationship between themes at all levels with mutual subordination and related hierarchical diagrams, and establishing memory links between theme keywords and images, colors, etc., and mind mapping fully utilizes the functions of the left and right brains. Use the laws of memory, reading and thinking to help people develop a balance between science and art, logic and imagination, thereby unlocking the infinite potential of the human brain. Mind maps therefore have the power of the human mind.
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2.2.7 Five W1H Analysis Methods

What
Where
Who
When
Why
How How
5W+1H: The analysis method is also called the six-he analysis method. It is a thinking method and can also be said to be a creative technique. It has been widely used in enterprise management, daily work life and study. 5W was first proposed by American political scientist Lasswell in 1932 as a set of communication models. After continuous application and summary by people, a mature 5W+IH model was gradually formed.

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3. Introduction to memory

3.1 Introduction to the principle of brain memory

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1. 3 modes of
memory Sound memory: rote memorization, repeated recitations
Logical memory: remembering logical concerns,
pictorial memory: associating images