In recent years, due to the success of Bitcoin, the blockchain has also been promoted to the altar, and its "decentralization" idea has created an electronic currency that no government can completely intervene. At present, most countries have accepted Bitcoin, and China once adopted a wait-and-see attitude. However, at the end of last year, after the Central Bank of China and other five ministries and commissions issued the "Notice on Preventing Bitcoin Risks", domestic websites announced that they would not accept Bitcoin payments. More It is believed that the government's resistance to Bitcoin is temporary.
Blockchain technology is a new thing, and everything has two sides. A government that is active naturally hopes to see the positive side of things fully exerted, and to limit and avoid the negative side to a certain extent. Let's take a look at the core features of the blockchain, and while studying these features, we will explain the application of the blockchain in combination with an actual business requirement of the government. The typical business of the government, such as administrative approval, is an important means and a powerful tool for the government to carry out macro-control.
Feature 1: Decentralization
In the past, bookkeeping was central. For example, we deposited 1,000 yuan in the bank. Except for the bank, no one else knew about it. The bank was the center. Now that we save money, we can shout to the computers participating in the network. I have deposited 1,000 yuan, and all the computers have recorded this deposit behavior, and the central bank does not exist. What is the benefit of doing this? First of all, the traditional central bookkeeping has two implicit prerequisites. First, the bank's reputation is good enough; second, the bank's security system is stable enough. What if something went wrong? For example, if the bank's data is tampered with and the data system crashes, who is responsible? The example of the bank seems extreme, but the problem does exist. If it is an ordinary centralized system, these two problems are chronic diseases, which can be described as incurable diseases.
Blockchain technology, first of all, has a lot of backup data, and is not afraid of the paralysis of a certain node. Distributed storage of government data is also necessary. In addition, "I saved 1,000 yuan when I shouted." Many computers will "testify" for me, So don't be afraid of denial. For the current government, under the guidance of the program of ruling the country according to law, it is more willing to see these tangible "evidences", and only with these "evidences" can it be authentic and credible. In administrative examination and approval, if the applicant's information is reliable enough, the efficiency of examination and approval will be greatly improved.
Feature 2: Openness
The government has been pursuing open government affairs and establishing a government that is close to the people, so that the people can fully enjoy the right to know and to supervise. And the non-disclosure of information is a huge obstacle in front of the government! In fact, the government has made a lot of efforts to establish a website, publicize it in the public media, publicize it in public opinion, etc., but the results are still far from expectations. There are various reasons for this, such as insufficient open data, data authenticity to be verified, and poor data traceability. But I would like to conclude that the degree of "programmability" of data openness is poor.
In contrast, the system under blockchain technology is open, except that some private information is encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to everyone, and the entire system information is highly transparent, and anyone can query the block through the open interface chain data and develop related applications. It is very important to do secondary development based on blockchain data! The government holds the data, and the people have infinite computing power. The organic combination of the two is king.
The current government administrative examination and approval is like a black box, and the masses seldom know how it works. Even though the government has announced the regulations, where do the requirements data mentioned in the regulations come from, such as advertising approval, the government has announced the requirements for large-scale outdoor advertising, and merchants still need to repeat the identification with their existing qualifications, because the departments Since the data is not open, "I" needs to prove "my existence", and a large number of computing resources in the private sector do not have the ability to prove "my existence" through programming.
Feature 3: Information cannot be tampered with
For the government, the government needs to know "what did it do wrong" and which link went wrong. For administrative examination and approval matters, the government needs a complete record, which cannot be changed. When a certain administrative agency or law enforcement personnel deviates when exercising their power, it is convenient for accountability and supervision. Being a person requires integrity and integrity, and government handling of cases requires justice and fairness.
This requirement is very consistent with the characteristics of the blockchain. Once the information on the blockchain is verified and added, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid, so the data of the blockchain is stable High reliability and reliability. Under the blockchain technology system, every government administrator needs to maintain his own "record of integrity and integrity". In the same way, such requirements are also applicable to other organizations and individuals. "Credit is wealth" will gradually become the basic consensus of the whole society, because credit records cannot be tampered with in the blockchain and become "iron proof". The credit records of each item are connected into a line, and verification is carried out everywhere in the large network of social activities.
Feature 4: Smart Contract
行政审批目前的痛点是审批效率低，人为参与高，自由裁量权大，区块链可以自动化的执行一些预先定义好的规则和条款，可以杜绝一部分人为因素。智能合约简单理解为“达成共识，自动执行”。以行政审批为例，
法律合约：我申请许可证，承诺X发生的话，经过一系列的核实取证工作，就给我发放许可证；
智能合约：许可证的发放是一个计算机程序，我申请许可证，如果X发生了，取证工作自动完成，程序会把许可证自动发给我，否则自动给出不符合规定的反馈。
例子虽然有些理想化，但是区块链在一定程度上实现了人工智能，简化了行政审批的流程，提升了审批效率，减少了人工参与，提高了行政审批的准确性。基于区块链的智能合约除了传统合约本身的概念外，还解决了合约双方的信任问题。更广泛的用途将一部分法律规章转变为智能合约，让法律和行政规章走向智能，实现代码即法律的理想，使得权利滥用没有可能，提升行政效率从而解放更多的生产力。
从社会结构来看，区块链技术有望彻底颠覆原有社会的监管模式。我们可以设立自己的规则，甚至不需要涉及任何第三方的仲裁，只要这些规则被对应方接受，而且没有违犯普通法或者自然法，我们就可以遵守这些规则。
固有缺陷
区块链自然有各种先天的优势，但也不是无懈可击，完美无缺。首先会带来存储资源的浪费，一个数据块无限制的备份，这本身就是负担，造成了海量的冗余数据，这是为了制造信任和稳定付出的代价；其次，去中心后，自治机制会受到严重考验，容易造成形势失控，比如比特币疯狂的暴涨和暴跌；再次，利用区块链的安全机制匿名进行非法活动，比如转移国家财富，躲避法律监管，都是政府无法容忍的；最后区块链技术本身正在不断完善，还有大量的工作需要实践进行总结验证，走向成熟还需要一段艰辛的路要走。
总结
区块链是一场革命，会颠覆我们已有的认知。政府希望取其精华弃其糟粕。取得人民的信任在任何时候都是大事，区块链给出了部分答案，虽然不完美，但是值得尝试。在公开、公平、公正行政法基本原则要求下，区块链在行政审批中必将会有所建树。当然应用点远远不止行政审批，它只是冰山一角。我们已经看到当前区块链在金融和保险领域取得突破，在依法治国的行政领域还将取得更加丰硕的成果！