Converting between characters and bytes in Python

b = b"Hello, world!"  # bytes object  
s = "Hello, world!"   # str object

print('str --> bytes')
print(bytes(s, encoding="utf8"))    
print(str.encode(s))   # 默认 encoding="utf-8"
print(s.encode())      # 默认 encoding="utf-8"

print('\nbytes --> str')
print(str(b, encoding="utf-8"))   
print(bytes.decode(b))  # 默认 encoding="utf-8"
print(b.decode())       # 默认 encoding="utf-8"

# bytes object
b = b"example"

# str object
s = "example"

# str to bytes
bytes(s, encoding = "utf8")

# bytes to str
str(b, encoding = "utf-8")

# an alternative method
# str to bytes
str.encode(s)

# bytes to str
bytes.decode(b)

encode

str to bytes

decode

bytes to str

Important: ut-f8