1. What is Linux?
Linux is an 操作系统operating system, just like windows we use every day.
So what is an operating system?
The operating system is used to manage computer software and hardware resources and provide users and applications with convenient use interfaces and system calls 系统软件. Its main purpose is to ① improve the utilization rate of computer resources ② facilitate the use of users (a typical example: graphical user interface of windows) ③ manage application software to ensure that each task can be advanced and completed in sequence.
After understanding the operating system, let's learn about Linux in detail~
First, Linux can be divided into the following four parts:
①Linux kernel
②GNU tools ③Graphical
desktop environment ④Application
software
Each part performs its own function in the Linux system. But in terms of individual parts, it doesn't do much. The following figure is a basic structural block diagram showing how the various parts work together to form the entire Linux system. (which Linux内核is the Linux operating system 核心和灵魂)
2. How did Linux come about?
Before we talk about Linux, we have to understand it first Unix, because Linux is developed from Unix.
Unix发展历史:
1968Years, some researchers from General Electric, Bell Labs, and MIT developed a special operating system called Multics. Multics incorporates many new concepts in multitasking file management and user connectivity.
1969-1970In 2009, Bell Labs researchers Ken Tompson and Dennis Ritchie at AT&T developed the Unix system based on many of the features of Multics. It runs on a minicomputer and meets the requirements of the system for scientific research environment. Since its inception, Unix has been a valuable, efficient, multi-user and multi-tasking operating system.
UnixWhat started out as meeting individual design needs grew into a standard software product supported by many different developers.
第一个Unix版本It is free for the computer departments of many well-known universities.
1972In 2009, Bell Labs began distributing a commercial version and licensing the system to various users, one of whom was the computer science department at the University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley added many new features to the system that later became standard.
1975Years Berkeley issued its own version of Unix by its subsidiary BSD. The BSD version of Unix became the main contender for the AT & T Bell Labs version, and other independently developed versions of Unix began to emerge.
1980In 2008 Microsoft Corporation developed a version of Unix for PC called xenix. AT&T released the first commercial version. Named System III, it was later replaced by Systern V, which was well-supported for commercial software products. At the same time, the BSD version of Unix continued to develop, and in the late 1910s, BSD Unix became the basis for scientific research projects in the high-tech research institutions of the Ministry of Defense. As a result, Berkeley released a working version called BSD Release 4.2. It includes advanced file manager and network features based on TCP/IP network protocol. Now TCP/IP is used by the Internet. BSD Release4.2 is adopted by many manufacturers, such as SUN Microsystem.
Unix不同版本The emergence of Unix standards has led to the need for software developers not to know which versions their programs will run on. By the mid-1980s, two competing standards had emerged, an AT&T-based version of Unix and a BSD version. In bookstores today you can find different Unix books for both versions, some on System V, others on BSD Unix. AT & T established a new organization called the Unix System Laboratory, whose role was to synthesize different versions of Unix and focus on developing a standard system.
1991In 2009, the Unix Synthesis Lab integrated all the features of System V Release 3, SUN OS and Xenix and released System vRelease 4. In order to compete with System V Release 4, some other companies, such as IBM and Hewlett-Packard Open Software Foundation (OSF), produced their own standard versions of Unix, and two standard commercial versions, OSF version and System Release 4, emerged.
1993In 2008, AT&T sold its Unix to Novell. Unix Systems Labs became part of Novell's Unix Systems Group. Novell has released its own version of Unix, UnixWare, based on System V Release 4, which can be linked to Novell's Netware system. Sun Corporation has integrated System V Release 4 into its Sun OS, releasing Solaris. The graphical user interfaces used by two competing Unixes (one called Motif and the other Openlook) have been merged into a new working platform standard called the Common Platform Environment (CDE).
3. How did Linux develop?
Linux发展历史
1991年10月5日, a graduate student at the University of Helsinki Linus Benedict Torvaldsannounced in a Usenet newsgroup (comp.os.minix) that he had compiled a 类似Unixsmall operating system called Linux. The new operating system was inspired by another small Unix operating system, developed by a teacher Minixnamed . Andrew S TanenbaumStudents may guess that the released system should be the 0.01 version of Linux, but this is not the case. The real one Linux 0.01版本wasn't released because version 0.01 was not practical. Linus only provided the source code for this version on the first Linux FTP site (ftp:/nic.funet.fi).
TorvaldsReleased on October 5, the Linux version is called 0.02版, and it is capable of running GNU Bourne Again Shel(bash)the GNUC compiler for and ( gcc) and a handful of other languages. Torvalds had absolutely no idea that the kind of operating system he envisioned that could be aimed at advanced hobbyists and hackers had come into being, known as Linux. ;
Linux was released with version 0.02, later version 0.03, and then jumped to version 0.10. It has reached version 0.95 because more and more programmers all over the world are starting to develop Linux. This means that the time to announce the 1.0 version is not far away. 正式的1.0版本was 1994published in the year
Linux development VS Windows development diagram
Fourth, what are the characteristics of Linux?
Compared with other operating systems such as windows and Unix, Linux is the biggest feature 开源.
So what does open source mean?
Open source means 免费、稳定和高效!
Free It is well understood that any individual or company using the Linux kernel is free of charge.
How to understand stability and efficiency?
Once a piece of software, especially an operating system (system software) is open sourced, it will attract many bigwigs (Orz) to improve it. The more people who participate, the faster the update and iteration will be! The update iteration speed of the charging operating system is often not so fast (you guessed it correctly, it is Windows).
Linux is a free and open source Unix-like operating system whose kernel was first released in 1991 by Linus Stovats, after which, after adding user-space applications, became the Linux operating system system. Strictly speaking, Linux is just the operating system kernel itself, but "Linux kernel" is often used to express that meaning. Linux is often used to refer to a complete operating system based on the Linux kernel, which includes GUI components and many other utilities.
GNUThe General Public License ( GNU General Public Licenseabbreviated as GNU GPL or GPL), is a widely used free software license agreement, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU Project. GPL gives the definition of free software for computer programs. Anything based on the GPL Products derived from software development must be released under the GPL license, and the source code must be made public.
Linux is the most famous example of free software and open source software development. As long as the GNU General Public License is followed, any individual or institution is free to use all the underlying source code of Linux, and to modify and redistribute it freely. With the rapid development of the Linux operating system, various open source software and utility tools integrated on Linux have also been applied and popularized. Therefore, Linux has also become synonymous with open source software.
Linux Kernel Official Website: The Linux Kernel Archives
5. What is the development status of Linux in various fields?
1) 服务器领域The development of Linux:
With the increasing influence of open source software in the world, the Linux server operating system occupies more and more market share in the entire server operating system market structure, and has formed a large-scale market application. situation. and maintained a rapid growth rate. Especially in key national fields such as government, finance, agriculture, transportation, and telecommunications. In addition, considering the rapid growth of Linux and the support of relevant national policies, Linux server products will certainly be able to impact a larger server market. According to the statistics of authoritative departments, Linux has occupied 75%a market share in the server field at present. At the same time, the rapid rise of Linux in the server market has attracted the attention of the global IT industry, and has become the backbone of the server operating system field with a strong momentum.
2) 桌面领域The development of Linux:
In recent years, especially in the domestic market, the development trend of Linux desktop operating system is very rapid. The Linus desktop operating system launched by domestic system software manufacturers such as 中标麒麟Linux, 红旗Linux, 深度Linuxetc. has been widely used in government, enterprise, OEM and other fields. In addition, SUSE and Ubuntu have also successively launched Linux-based desktop systems. In particular Ubuntu Linux, they have accumulated a large number of community users. However, from the perspective of the overall function and performance of the system, there is still a certain gap between the Linux desktop system and the Windows series, mainly in terms of system ease of use, system management, software and hardware compatibility, and software richness.
3) 移动嵌入式领域The development of
Linux Linux's low cost, powerful customization functions and good portability have made Linux widely used in embedded systems. At present, Linux is widely used in mobile phones, tablet computers, routers, TVs and video games. machine and other fields. The operating systems that are widely used on mobile devices are Androidbuilt on top of the Linux kernel. At present, Android has become the most popular smartphone operating system in the world. According to the latest statistics of the authoritative department in 2015, the global market share of the Android operating system has reached 100% 84.6%.
In addition, Cisco also uses customized Linux in network firewalls and routers, and Alibaba Cloud has also developed a Linux-based operating system " YunOS"", which can be used in smartphones, tablet computers and network TVs; common digital video recorders, stage lighting Control systems, etc. are gradually implemented with customized versions of Linux, all thanks to the power of Linux and open source.
4) The rapid development of Linux in 云计算 / 大数据领域the
Internet industry has prompted the formation and rapid development of cloud computing and big data industries. Cloud computing and big data, as a platform based on open source software, Linux occupies the core advantage, according to the Linux Foundation. According to the research, 86%many enterprises have used the Linux operating system for the construction of cloud computing and big data platforms. At present, Linux has begun to replace Unix as the most popular operating system for cloud computing and big data platforms.
6. What are the distributions of Linux?
DebianIt's extremely stable, which makes it ideal for servers. The Debian operating system is undoubtedly not suitable for novice users, but for system administrators and advanced users.
UbuntuIt is a derivative of Debian and the most popular free operating system today. Ubuntu focuses on its use in this market, which is common on servers, cloud computing, and even some mobile devices running Ubuntu Linux. Ubuntu is an operating system that novice users will definitely love.
红帽企业级LinuxThis was the first Linux distribution for the commercial market. It is available in server versions and supports numerous processor architectures, including x86 and x86_64. Red Hat educates and certifies system administrators through the course Red Hat Certified System Administrator / Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCSA / RHCE).
CentOSis an enterprise Linux distribution rebuilt from free source code in Red Hat Enterprise Linux. This refactored version completely removes the registered trademark and a very subtle change in the Binary package. For some people who don't want to pay a fortune and have a taste of Red Hat Enterprise Linux; for them, CentOS is worth checking out. Additionally, CentOS appears to look and behave exactly like the parent distribution, Red Hat Enterprise Linux. CentOS uses YUM to manage packages.
Who is small Fedorafor?
①I want to try the most advanced technology and can't wait for the stable version of the program to come out. In fact, Fedora is a test platform of Red Hat; ② Products are developed and tested on this platform before they become enterprise-level distributions. Fedora is a very good distribution, with a huge user forum and a good number of packages in the repositories.
Kali LinuxIt is a derivative of Debian. Kali is designed for penetration testing. Kali's predecessor was Backtrack. All Binary packages for Debian can be installed on Kali Linux, and that's where the charm or power of Kali comes from. Also, the user forums that support Debian are a big plus for Kali. Kali comes with a lot of penetration testing tools, whether it's Wifi, a database, or anything else, all designed to work. Kali uses APT to manage packages. There is no doubt that Kali Linux is a penetration testing tool, or an operating system favored by civilized hackers (I don't want to talk about malicious hackers).
