静态路由原理与配置
路由器的工作原理
- 路由
- 从源主机到目标主机的转发过程
- 根据路由表转发数据
路由表的形成
-
路由表
- 路由器中维护的路由表做路径选择
- 路由器根据路由表做路径选择
-
路由表的形成
- 直连网段
- 配置IP地址,端口up状态,形成直连路由
- 非直连网段
静态路由和默认路由
-
静态路由
- 由管理员手工配置的,是单向的
- 缺乏灵活性
-
默认路由
- 当路由器在路由表中找不到目标网络的路由条目时,路由器把请求转发到默认路由接口
路由器转发数据包的封装过程
PC1 | 源IP 目的IP 源Mac 目的(下一跳)mac |
---|---|
先进行ARP广播解析出网关E0的MAC地址,进行第一次封装 | |
路由A | 先解封装,查看数据包的目的IP,查询路由表,确定转发路径,给路由B |
/E | 先ARP广播解析出路由B E1的MAC地址。进行第二次封装 |
源IP 目的IP 源(路由器A)Mac 目的(下一跳)mac | |
路由B | 先解封装,查看数据包的目的IP为自己网段直连网段,通过E0发给主机B |
/E | 先ARP广播解析出主机B的MAC地址,进行第三次解封装 |
源IP 目的IP 源(路由B)Mac 目的 (下一跳)MAC | |
PC2 | 数据包到主机B,一路解封装送到应用层 |
静态路由和默认路由的配置
默认路由
[Huawei] ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.12.1
静态路由
[Huawei] ip route-static 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.1
查看路由表
[Huawei] display ip routing-table
[R1] ip route-static 192.168.10.0 24 11.0.0.2 //<主>优先级默认值60 (越小越优先)
[R1] ip route-static 192.168.10.0 24 12.0.0.2 //配置浮动路由用于被用
实验
相关配置
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor
[Huawei]user-interface console 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]q
[Huawei]sysname R1
[R1]int g0/0/0
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 192.168.10.1 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 12.0.0.1 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shutdown
[R1]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 12.0.0.2
// 先配置G0/0/1端口G0/0/0端口的IP地址 再开启端口
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor
[Huawei]user-interface console 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]q
[Huawei]sysname R2
[R2]int g0/0/0
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 12.0.0.2 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 23.0.0.1 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shutdown
[R2]ip route-static 192.168.10.0 24 12.0.0.1
[R2]ip route-static 12.0.0.1 24 23.0.0.2
[R2]ip route-static 192.168.20.0 24 23.0.0.2
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor
[Huawei]user-interface console 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]q
[Huawei]sysname R3
[R3]int g0/0/0
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 34.0.0.1 24
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 23.0.0.2 24
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shutdown
[R3]ip route-static 192.168.10.0 24 34.0.0.2
[R3]ip route-static 192.168.20.0 24 23.0.0.1
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor
[Huawei]user-interface console 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]q
[Huawei]sysname R4
[R4]int g0/0/0
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 34.0.0.1 24
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 45.0.0.1 24
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shutdown
[R4]ip route-static 192.168.10.0 24 45.0.0.2
[R4]ip route-static 192.168.20.0 24 34.0.0.1
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor
[Huawei]user-interface console 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]q
[Huawei]sysname R5
[R5]int g0/0/0
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 45.0.0.2 24
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shutdown
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]int g0/0/1
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 192.168.20.1 24
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown
[R5]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 15.0.0.1
浮动路由