Explain in detail the main nginx configuration file, add services and build web virtual hosts
1. Add as a system service
1. Method One
vim /lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
[Unit]
Description=nginx
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile=/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid
ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
ExecrReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
ExecrStop=/bin/kill -s QUIT $MAINPID
PrivateTmp=true
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
chmod 754 /lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
systemctl start nginx.service
systemctl enable nginx.service
2. Method two
vim /etc/init.d/nginx
#!/bin/bash
#chkconfig: - 99 20
#description:Nginx Service Control Script
COM="/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx"
PID="/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
case "$1" in
start)
$COM
;;
stop)
kill -s QUIT $(cat $PID)
;;
restart)
$0 stop
$0 start
;;
reload)
kill -s HUP $(cat $PID)
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload}"
exit 1
esac
exit 0
chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx
chkconfig --add nginx #添加为系统服务
systemctl stop nginx
systemctl start nginx
2. The main nginx configuration file nginx.conf
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
1. Global configuration
#user nobody; #运行用户，若编译时未指定则默认为 nobody
worker_processes 1; #工作进程数量，可配置成服务器内核数 * 2，如果网站访问量不大，一般设为1就够用了
#error_log logs/error.log; #错误日志文件的位置
#pid logs/nginx.pid; #PID 文件的位置
2. I/O event configuration
events {
use epoll; #使用 epoll 模型，2.6及以上版本的系统内核，建议使用epoll模型以提高性能
worker_connections 4096; #每个进程处理 4096 个连接，系统默认为1024，可更改
}
- If you want to increase the number of connections for each process, you need to execute the "ulimit -n 65535" command to temporarily modify the maximum number of files that each process can open at the same time.
- On the Linux platform, when processing high-concurrency TCP connections, the maximum number of concurrency is subject to the system's restriction on the number of files that a user can open at the same time in a single process (this is because the system has to create a socket handle for each TCP connection. Each socket handle is also a file handle).
- You can use the ulimit -a command to view the limit on the number of files that the system allows the current user's process to open.
- View kernel and CPU
3. HTTP configuration
http {
##文件扩展名与文件类型映射表
include mime.types;
##默认文件类型
default_type application/octet-stream;
##日志格式设定
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
##访问日志位置
#access_log logs/access.log main;
##支持文件发送(下载)
sendfile on;
##此选项允许或禁止使用socket的TCP_CORK的选项（发送数据包前先缓存数据），此选项仅在使用sendfile的时候使用
#tcp_nopush on;
##连接保持超时时间，单位是秒
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
##gzip模块设置，设置是否开启gzip压缩输出
#gzip on;
##Web 服务的监听配置
server {
##监听地址及端口
listen 80;
##站点域名，可以有多个，用空格隔开
server_name www.ljm.com;
##网页的默认字符集
charset utf-8;
##根目录配置
location / {
##网站根目录的位置/usr/local/nginx/html
root html;
##默认首页文件名
index index.html index.php;
}
##内部错误的反馈页面
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
##错误页面配置
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
}
4. Log format setting
$remote_addr与$http_x_forwarded_for用以记录客户端的ip地址；
$remote_user：用来记录客户端用户名称；
$time_local： 用来记录访问时间与时区；
$request： 用来记录请求的url与http协议；
$status： 用来记录请求状态；成功是200，
$body_bytes_sent ：记录发送给客户端文件主体内容大小；
$http_referer：用来记录从哪个页面链接访问过来的；
$http_user_agent：记录客户浏览器的相关信息；
通常web服务器放在反向代理的后面，这样就不能获取到客户的IP地址了，通过$remote_add拿到的IP地址是反向代理服务器的iP地址。反向代理服务器在转发请求的http头信息中，可以增加x_forwarded_for信息，用以记录原有客户端的IP地址和原来客户端的请求的服务器地址。
location常见配置指令，root、alias、proxy_pass
root（根路径配置）：请求www.ljm.com/test/1.jpg，会返回文件/usr/local/nginx/html/test/1.jpg
alias（别名配置）：请求www.ljm.com/test/1.jpg，会返回文件/usr/local/nginx/html/1.jpg
5. Access status statistics configuration
1、先使用命令/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V 查看已安装的 Nginx 是否包含 HTTP_STUB_STATUS 模块
2、修改 nginx.conf 配置文件，指定访问位置并添加 stub_status 配置
cd /usr/local/nginx/conf
cp nginx.conf nginx.conf.bak
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
......
http {
......
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.ljm.com;
charset utf-8;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.php;
}
##添加 stub_status 配置##
location /status {
#访问位置为/status
stub_status on; #打开状态统计功能
access_log off; #关闭此位置的日志记录
}
}
}
6. Access control based on authorization
1、生成用户密码认证文件
yum -y install httpd-tools
htpasswd -c /usr/local/nginx/passwd.db qiaodaer
chown nginx /usr/local/nginx/passwd.db
chmod 400 /usr/local/nginx/passwd.db
#修改权限的话需要修改属主，因为文件属主为root，而运行nginx的账号为nginx
2、修改主配置文件相对应目录，添加认证配置项
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
......
server {
location / {
......
##添加认证配置##
auth_basic "secret";
auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/passwd.db;
}
}
3、重启服务，访问测试
nginx -t
systemctl restart nginx
浏览器访问 http://192.168.184.70或www.ljm.com
7. Client-based access control
访问控制规则如下：
deny IP/IP 段：拒绝某个 IP 或 IP 段的客户端访问。
allow IP/IP 段：允许某个 IP 或 IP 段的客户端访问。
规则从上往下执行，如匹配则停止，不再往下匹配。
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
......
server {
location / {
......
##添加控制规则##
deny 192.168.184.31; #拒绝访问的客户端 IP
allow all; #允许其它IP客户端访问
}
}
systemctl restart nginx
Three, build Nginx virtual web host
1. Virtual hosting based on domain name
①. Provide domain name resolution for virtual hosts
Method 1: Deploy DNS domain name resolution server to provide domain name resolution (script content)
#!/bin/bash
mount /dev/sr0 /mnt
yum -y install bind &> /dev/null
#修改主配置文件 ：/etc/named.conf
sed -i 's/127.0.0.1;/any;/' /etc/named.conf
sed -i 's/localhost;/any;/' /etc/named.conf
for ((;;))
do
read -p "请输入你需要配置的域名（例www.abc.com）:" a
b=`echo $a | awk -F "." 'BEGIN{OFS="."}{$2=$2;print$2,$3}'`
c=`ip a | grep "ens33" | awk NR==2'{print}' | awk -F/ '{print$1}' | awk '{print$2}'`
#修改区域配置文件 ：/etc/named.rfc1912.zones
echo "zone \"$b\" IN {
type master;
file \"$b.zone\";
allow-update {
none; };
};" >> /etc/named.rfc1912.zones
#修改区域数据配置文件 ：/var/named/named.localhost
cd /var/named
cp -p named.localhost $b.zone
sed -i "2c @ IN SOA $b. rname.invalid. (" /var/named/$b.zone
sed -i "8c NS $b." /var/named/$b.zone && sed -i "8 s/^/\t/" /var/named/$b.zone
sed -i "9c A $c" /var/named/$b.zone && sed -i "9 s/^/\t/" /var/named/$b.zone
sed -i "10c www IN A $c" /var/named/$b.zone
#添加指定dns服务器
sed -i "2c nameserver $c" /etc/resolv.conf
read -p "是否需要继续添加（y/n）：" d
case $d in
y)
continue
;;
n)
#关闭系统防火墙和系统安全机制
systemctl stop firewalld
setenforce 0
#开启dns服务
systemctl restart named
break
;;
*)
echo "请正确输入"
systemctl stop firewalld
setenforce 0
systemctl restart named
break
esac
done
Method 2: Temporarily configure the mapping between domain name and IP address in the /etc/hosts file
echo "192.168.184.70 www.wangdaer.com www.qiaodaer.com" >> /etc/hosts
②. Prepare web documents for the virtual host
mkdir -p /var/www/html/qiaodaer
mkdir -p /var/www/html/wangdaer
echo "<h1>www.qiaodaer.com</h1>" > /var/www/html/qiaodaer/index.html
echo "<h1>www.wangdaer.com</h1>" > /var/www/html/wangdaer/index.html
③, add virtual host configuration
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
......
http {
......
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.qiaodaer.com; #设置域名www.qiaodaer.com
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/www.qiaodaer.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/qiaodaer; #设置www.qiaodaer.com 的工作目录
index index.html index.php;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = 50x.html{
root html;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.wangdaer.com; #设置域名www.wangdaer.com
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/www.wangdaer.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/wangdaer;
index index.html index.php;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = 50x.html{
root html;
}
}
}
④, restart the service and test
2. Virtual host based on IP address
ifconfig ens33:0 192.168.184.31 netmask 255.255.255.0
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
......
http {
......
server {
listen 192.168.184.70:80; #设置监听地址
server_name www.wangdaer.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/www.wangdaer.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/wangdaer;
index index.html index.php;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = 50x.html{
root html;
}
}
server {
listen 192.168.184.170:80; #设置监听地址
server_name www.qiaodaer.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/www.qiaodaer.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/qiaodaer;
index index.html index.php;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = 50x.html{
root html;
}
}
}
systemctl restart nginx
3. Port-based virtual hosting
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
......
http {
......
server {
listen 192.168.184.70:666; #设置监听 666 端口
server_name www.qiaodaer.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/www.qiaodaer.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/qiaodaer;
index index.html index.php;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = 50x.html{
root html;
}
}
server {
listen 192.168.184.70:888; #设置监听 888 端口
server_name www.wangdaer.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/www.wangdaer.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/wangdaer;
index index.html index.php;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = 50x.html{
root html;
}
}
systemctl restart nginx
