Mycoplasma infection

Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma is the smallest microbial extracellular survival, is the lack of a cell wall type prokaryotic microbial cells, the size generally between 0.3 ~ 0.5um, was highly pleomorphic, spherical, rod-shaped, filiform, branched other states. It is different from the bacteria, but also from viruses, variety, widely distributed, causing considerable harm, involving a number of areas of people, animals, plants and insects, adverse effects on human health and research work. Isolated from 16 kinds of human mycoplasma, 5 kinds of human pathogenic, i.e. Mycoplasma pneumonia, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma fermentation branched urea solution containing urea solution mycoplasma body, and a urea solution Mycoplasma Mycoplasma hominis and other human pathogenic.

• English name: Mycoplasma Infections
• Treatment department: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Urology
• Common causes: pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma UU and the main cause of genital genitourinary tract infections
• Common symptoms: urinary and reproductive tract infections to urinary tract irritation, urinary urgency, urinary frequency; female cervical infection increased vaginal discharge, turbidity, cervical edema; respiratory infections mainly cough

1. Basic Information
English name Mycoplasma Infections department visits respiratory medicine, urology common cause of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma UU and the main cause of genital genitourinary tract infections common symptoms of genitourinary infection urinary tract irritation, urine urgent, frequent urination; female cervical infection increased vaginal discharge, turbidity, cervical edema; cough, respiratory tract infections is
2, pathology and etiology of
pathogenic Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma pneumoniae causing pneumonia, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma UU and the main cause of genital genitourinary tract infections.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, also known as primary atypical pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae year-round disease, more common in winter, may have a small pop, Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common form of pre-school children and youth pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae mainly through droplets propagation, longer incubation period, up to 2 to 3 weeks, although longer course mycoplasma pneumonia, severe lung disease, a slower absorption of inflammation, but the vast majority are good prognosis, the pathogen is Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a referral microorganisms between bacteria and viruses, no cell wall structure, facultative anaerobic, the smallest independent microbial life. Healthy people inhaled by the patient coughs, sneezes ejected when the mouth, nasal secretions and infection. Respiratory pathogens is generally present between the ciliated epithelial, do not invade the lung parenchyma, by neuraminidase receptor sites on the cell membrane, adsorbed on the surface of host respiratory epithelial cells, inhibition of ciliary activity and epithelial cell destruction. Also less complications, genital mycoplasma infection is clear in recent years, a new kind of sexual contact diseases, adult primary infection during childbirth through sexual contact, mother of the newborn by the reproductive tract, the site of infection in adult male urethral mucosa, women infected area in the cervix, the main cause of neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia.
3, clinical manifestations

• 1. genitourinary tract infections
• Urogenital tract infection: incubation period of 1-3 weeks, similar to the typical symptoms of acute and other non-gonococcal genitourinary infections, urinary tract irritation showed different degrees of urgency and frequent urination, urination tingling, particularly when the urine It was significantly more concentrated when the urethra mild swelling, discharge thin, less, or purulent serous, more need only squeeze the urethra, see overflow discharge, often in the morning urethra small amount of mucus secretion or just a callus membrane seal, or see the filthy crotch, sub-acute phase is often associated with prostate infection, patients often appear perineal pain, backache, when the inside of the double-stranded or discomfort in the levator ani action have diverging from the perineum to the inside of shares tingling,
• More common in female patients with cervical reproductive system as the center spread of inflammation, most without obvious symptoms, a small number of patients with severe vaginal fall feeling, when the infection extends to the urethra, urinary frequency, urgency is the main cause symptoms of the patient attention, the limitations of infection in the cervix, manifested as increased vaginal discharge, turbidity, cervical edema, congestion or surface erosion, urinary tract infection extends to the urethra showed flushing, congestion, squeezing the urethra may have a small amount of secretions to leak out, but there is little tenderness appear.
• 2. respiratory infections
• Slow onset, the incubation period of 2 to 3 weeks, early disease general malaise, fatigue, headache. Fever temperature normally 2 to 3 days up to about 39 ℃, and continued for 1 to 3 weeks, it may be associated with sore throat and muscle aches.
• Cough prominent symptoms of this disease, is generally within 2 to 3 days after the disease starts, first as a dry cough, and changed to intractable severe cough, sputum viscosity often even with bloodshot eyes, a few cases of pertussis similar array-like cough. Sustainable 1-4 weeks. Pulmonary signs and more obvious, or even nothing. Few can hear the dry, crackles music. But more blocks disappear, so the signs and severe cough and fever and other clinical manifestations of inconsistency, one of the disease-oriented features. Infant acute onset, longer duration, severe illness, manifested as difficulty breathing, wheezing, wheezing more prominent, pulmonary rales than older children. Children may suffer from some patients hemolytic anemia, meningitis, myocarditis, Green - extrapulmonary manifestations to facilitate syndrome.

4. Check

• 1. Blood
• The total number of peripheral blood leukocytes of normal or slightly increased, to neutrophils.
• 2.X-ray examination
• Mycoplasma pneumonia nonspecific chest, mostly unilateral lower lobe infiltrates, manifested as segmental pneumonia, severe cases showed extensive bilateral pneumonia.
• 3. pathogenic examination
• Sputum, nose and throat swab culture check Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
• 4. Serology
• Pathogenic serum antibody titers> 1:32, Streptococcus MG agglutination titer ≥1: 40 positive, 4 or more consecutive times higher diagnostic value.
• 起病后2周，约2/3病人冷凝集试验阳性，滴定效价大于1：32，特别是当滴度逐步升高时，有诊断价值。约半数病人对链球菌MG凝集试验阳性。诊断的进一步证实有赖于血清中支原体IgM抗体的测定（酶联免疫吸附试验最敏感，免疫荧光法特异性强，间接血凝法较实用）。抗原检测可用PCR法，但试剂药盒还有待改进，以提高敏感性和特异性。
• 5.PCR技术
• 普通PCR技术检测肺炎衣原体特异性DNA，具有快速、简便、特异的优点，敏感性高于细胞分离技术，用套式PCR（nPCR）检测可显著提高其敏感性。

5、诊断
  临床症状如头痛、乏力、肌痛、鼻咽部病变、咳嗽、胸痛、脓痰和血痰，肺部X线表现和化验室检查如冷凝集试验等有助诊断。
6、鉴别诊断
  本病轻型须与病毒性肺炎、军团菌肺炎相鉴别。病原体分离阳性和血清学试验对鉴别诊断很有帮助。周围血嗜酸粒细胞正常，这与嗜酸粒细胞增多性肺浸润亦有所鉴别。
7、治疗
  早期使用适当抗菌药物可减轻症状及缩短病程。本病有自限性，多数病例不经治疗可自愈。大环内酯类抗菌药物为首选，如红霉素、罗红霉素和阿奇霉素。氟喹诺酮类如左氧氟沙星、加替沙星和莫西沙星等，四环素类也用于肺炎支原体肺炎的治疗。疗程一般2～3周。因肺炎支原体无细胞壁，青霉素或头孢菌素类等抗菌药物无效。对剧烈呛咳者，应适当给予镇咳药。若继发细菌感染，可根据痰病原学检查，选用针对性的抗菌药物治疗。
本病具有自限性，多数病例不经治疗可自愈，使用适当的抗菌药物可以减轻症状，缩短病程。
治疗首选红霉素，亦可用四环族抗生素。早期使用适当的抗生素可以减轻症状，缩短病程至7～10天。