Manifestations of dialectical thinking in English writing There are many ways today to say something about Counterargument & Rebut, widely used in English writing and speaking debate. Its role is to the contrary by the rebuttal arguments and opinions you to highlight their arguments more accurately.
Refuting the measure of writing the words of a person's level, it all depends on how the usual kind of life skills quarrel. You are "You are wrong, that you are wrong, you are wrong anyway" type; or "You are wrong, because the reasons for 1,2,3; although this point you say a little truth, but do not really in line with reality, and there is no convincing, contrary to your 1,2,3 point is simply weak burst, indirectly prove that I was right. "
If it is the second, Congratulations, you've become a master of debate, the fight can be directly applied to the theory of dialectical English Writing.
If you are the first, the wood has a relationship, I believe you read the small barge on the big OE resolved, certainly apprenticeship!
Debates also an art, first of all would like to share interesting Disagreement Hierarchy. When disagreement, Debates skills divided into seven levels, see if you are at what speed?
DH1：Name-Calling
The lowest level is to borrow against abusive or intense language, to deny the other side. such as
You are an idiot.
DH2: To Man
"Ad Hominem" comes from the Latin, meaning "to the man / person", explanation here is more like a personal attack. Debates on the other side was not mentioned point of view, but to attack the other side of their own property. such as
If a senator says we should raise the salary of senators,you might reply:“Of course he’d say that;he’s a senator.”
DH3：Responding to the Tone
While this level of attack is for writing, but more inclined to spearhead writing style, style, tone and other writing skills, not substance. such as
The author is just mean.I can’t believe this.There were just so many grammar problems.
DH4：Contradiction
Contradiction just hurt does not itch pointed out contradictions and then ... then do not follow up. such as
The author says that global warming is caused by people,but that isn’t true.People have nothing to do with the earth getting warmer.
DH5：Counterargument
Finally rises to upscale refute it, Counterargument this argument is to identify the shortcomings and weaknesses, rebuttal arguments, and provide a lot of data, for example support. Specific case studies will be later.
DH6：Refutation&Refuting the Central Point
Top of the pyramid, it would be the highest state of Debates. On the basis of DH5 on the concrete analysis of why this view is wrong, and this view with examples to explain what went wrong in the end.
Of course, sometimes an article may have many different points of view, it needs to be done to identify the severity seize most typical point of view, a fatal blow to the opponent. The so-called "injured his fingers, better off one means", which is split on the essentials.
Perhaps you might ask, above the pyramid disagreement rebuttal skills can be used for more than two or both dialogue. If you put in their papers, it would not become his own rebuttal?
If only the first three layers of the pyramid on essay writing report.lxws.net in, really not happy to find ourselves, but if we can not get rid of happy again, that is the color of the paper at it! I.e. terminology rebuttal.
Refuting the argument of the method consists of three parts, small OE combined with a common IELTS topics you a specific resolution.
Topics of discussion are: "Do violent videogames cause aggression in children?"
OE view is: "Violent videogames DO NOT cause aggression in children." Violent video games does not cause violent children.
Argument argument
Arguments and put forward their arguments, after in-depth research studies to provide the most favorable arguments do support. Such as direct introduction of data: video game sales surge U.S. but a 37% reduction in crime, juvenile crime has decreased 76%. If the electric lead to violence violent children, along with video games that hot, the crime rate should increase instead of decrease.
“Total US sales of video game hardware and software increased 204%from 1994 to 2014,reaching$13.1 billion in 2014,while violent crimes decreased 37%and murders by juveniles acting alone fell 76%in that same period.”
In addition, it can also cited the US Supreme Court ruling in 2011 made: "the court rejected arguments that the games caused minors to act violently." And so on.
Counterargument Refutation
Blindly locate their views, sometimes people have a "Pharaoh praises, since the puff" feeling. To avoid this phenomenon, we can make some Fanfangguandian in the segment, which is said before counterargument.
Opposition argument does not depend imagined, but requires a lot of research, try to stand Opposition angle to find the shortcomings of his own argument. Do not look too simple scarecrow-style arguments, the more powerful anti-party argument, after refute, in order to highlight more powerful argument of the original.
For example, 90% of doctors and 67% of children of parents believe that violence makes children become more violent electric. Another example: ". Over 1000 studies-including reports from xxx point overwhelmingly to causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children" so much research data, I feel very authority of wood there, no doubt will give you the feeling caused by heavy argument there are a hit with wood.
Do not be afraid and do not escape, but frank include Fanfangguandian and detailed arguments, highlight your merciful comprehensive careful thinking, but also to the opponent off guard.
Rebut refute
Then give a fatal blow!
There are two methods to refute directly refute and sides fighting. Regardless of which way is to be in close connection with their own arguments to refute.
Direct rebuttal can be found flaws Fanfangguandian direct confrontation, it can also provide the same arguments and evidences heavyweight confrontation.
比如Stetson大学的Ferguson教授提到：“Many of those studies don't really reflect the way the games are played in real life,and the ways the test subjects showed agression are artificial measure that again are not a reflection of real life behavior.”
It may be added "Those flawed studies are't worth the paper they are printed on."
Fighting side effects as a direct rebuttal strong, but can definitely play a role in weakening the Fanfangguandian. For example, admitting that violent games have a relationship and the child's personality, but other behaviors such as heavy metal, rock, sports physical contact, even caffeine and the child's personality is directly related to violence, then we should put an end to this on behalf of children playing football listen to rock music, drink coffee?
This is a clever way to change the subject, not only side hit back at anti-party opponents, once again reinforced their argument.
Transitions
Effects of Conjunctions also very clever, before giving counterargument, put the iconic twist words, I would say Fanfangguandian indicates that readers, so readers can follow your train of thought will not be with a halo.
连接词有许多比如：granted,however,although,while it's true,nobody denies,true,on the other hand,the opposition might say,a common argument agaist this is,nevertheless,to be sure.
In the sentence following effects
Counterargument
-People who say violent video games cause violence in real life might point out that...
-While it's true that a joint statement by six leading medical associations said...
-Granted,there is some evidence suggesting a conenction between violent videogames and violent behavior...
Rebuttal
-So while it's true that some children are affected by some videogames,it's equally true that...
-Nobody denies that some kids might behave violently after eight hours of Mortal Kombat,but...
Finally, I would like to share African-American civil rights leader Martin Luther King a letter highlights. There are super wonderful Rebuttal!
The background is probably the event in 1963, Alabama eight ministers of religion, the civil rights movement of Martin Luther King gave evaluation too "extreme", and further indicates that aggressive behavior in Birmingham, the state can not be tolerated and implementation.
Birmingham are in state prison of Martin Luther King responded immediately wrote out who sung "Letter from Birmingham Jail".
Eight accused pastor's words is "We do not believe these ... extreme measures are justified in Birmingham."
Martin Luther King Firstly, many positive rebuttal to prove that his behavior is not extreme but necessary.
Then change the policy, he admitted that he might be a bit extreme in some ways
“But though I was initially disappointed at being categorised as an extremist,as I continued to think about the matter.I gradually gained a measure of satisfaction from the label.”
But immediately he will conduct himself and other extremists contrast, for example on Jesus, the Hebrew prophet Amos, the sixteenth president of the United States Abraham Lincoln, America's third president, Thomas Jefferson, as well as the Bible and the history of the United States the well-known reformer and so on. We were asked for ideas and behavior of these extreme persons.
“Was not Jesus an extremist for love?Was not Amos an extremist for justice?”
Martin Luther King the reason why choose these religious figures, as this is the belief that the pastor eight characters leaders.
Imagine if to refute opponents with their own advocates faith figures of his opponents had no reason to get up to refute his faith figure it?
“Jesus was an extremist for“love,truth and goodness.”
And to conclude nearly strengthen his argument to throw rhetorical form.
“Will we be extremists for the preservation of injustice or for the extension of justice?”