If we are not sure how many parameters to be passed to the function, or we want to function in the form of lists and tuples of parameters passed, it would make use *args;
If we do not know how many keyword arguments passed to the function, or you want to pass the value of the dictionary as keyword arguments, it would have to use **kwargs.
argsAnd kwargsthese two identifiers is conventional usage, of course, you can also use *boband **billy, but not quite so properly.
The following are specific examples:
def f(*args,**kwargs): print args, kwargs
l = [1,2,3]
t = (4,5,6)
d = {'a':7,'b':8,'c':9}
f()
f(1,2,3) # (1, 2, 3) {}
f(1,2,3,"groovy") # (1, 2, 3, 'groovy') {}
f(a=1,b=2,c=3) # () {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}
f(a=1,b=2,c=3,zzz="hi") # () {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'zzz': 'hi'}
f(1,2,3,a=1,b=2,c=3) # (1, 2, 3) {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}
f(*l,**d) # (1, 2, 3) {'a': 7, 'c': 9, 'b': 8}
f(*t,**d) # (4, 5, 6) {'a': 7, 'c': 9, 'b': 8}
f(1,2,*t) # (1, 2, 4, 5, 6) {}
f(q="winning",**d) # () {'a': 7, 'q': 'winning', 'c': 9, 'b': 8}
f(1,2,*t,q="winning",**d) # (1, 2, 4, 5, 6) {'a': 7, 'q': 'winning', 'c': 9, 'b': 8}
def f2(arg1,arg2,*args,**kwargs): print arg1,arg2, args, kwargs
f2(1,2,3) # 1 2 (3,) {}
f2(1,2,3,"groovy") # 1 2 (3, 'groovy') {}
f2(arg1=1,arg2=2,c=3) # 1 2 () {'c': 3}
f2(arg1=1,arg2=2,c=3,zzz="hi") # 1 2 () {'c': 3, 'zzz': 'hi'}
f2(1,2,3,a=1,b=2,c=3) # 1 2 (3,) {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}
f2(*l,**d) # 1 2 (3,) {'a': 7, 'c': 9, 'b': 8}
f2(*t,**d) # 4 5 (6,) {'a': 7, 'c': 9, 'b': 8}
f2(1,2,*t) # 1 2 (4, 5, 6) {}
f2(1,1,q="winning",**d) # 1 1 () {'a': 7, 'q': 'winning', 'c': 9, 'b': 8}
f2(1,2,*t,q="winning",**d) # 1 2 (4, 5, 6) {'a': 7, 'q': 'winning', 'c': 9, 'b': 8}Why ask this question ?
Sometimes, we need to pass an unknown number of parameters or keyword parameters to the function. Sometimes, we also hope to parameters or keyword parameters are stored up for later use. Sometimes, just to save time.
This article first appeared in Python black hole net , blog sync with the new park