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Following knowledge, to ensure an employee have the Ability to the new skills and behaviors.
Ability: to the new skills and behaviors
Example: For the majority of employees, adoption of the new system should be smooth, especially when allowed a few weeks to practice. There will be a select few employees who will be unable to learn the new technology, either due to personal limitations or prolonged time required to learn.
Special cases: most of people is already. But a few people are unable to learn the new technology since the personal limitations or prolonged time required to learn.
5) Reinforcement
The final element in the ADKAR Model is Reinforcement, a critical step to ensure the change is sustained. Reinforcement includes actions, recognition, mechanisms and rewards that increase the likelihood that the change will be continued.
Goal: Change is sustained
Approaches: actions, recognition, mechanisms and rewards that increase the likelihood that the change will be continued
Action Item: List the reinforcements that will help you to sustain the change. What incentives are in place to help make the change stick? Are there any opposing incentives to the change?
Example: The organization has tied the successful implementation of this change to employeeBONUSES
Actions: the project sponsor give positive feedback to the group who are demonstrating the change.
Mechanisms: the manager are closely working with the employees to ensure they can succeed at change. Besides, managers are continuing to move barriers and manage resistance to the change.
Awards:
Link between the successful implementation of this change to employee bonuses.
Question 6.
You have been given a project scope for a new ERP system and are required to estimate a project costing. Describe the approach you will take, what elements of the project you will need to cost the project, and possible resources required. Does Cook-Davies’s (2002) article on “The real success factors on projects” help in this exercise – discuss. (10 marks)
Answer:
Cost estimation:
According to the expert judgement and project analogy, then we get a general idea about effort, cost, and time are needed. After that, we implement following 5 steps to estimate the project.
Determine the SIZE of the project
The SIZE of the project is determined according to some metric, some commonly metrics like lines of code and function points. After understanding the size of the ERP system, it can be used to determine the effort required.
• Determine the EFFORT required
The EFFORT is estimated in terms of person days, months or weeks required to complete
tasks. Like, before the ERP system completes, how long for each relevant person is involved in the project.
• Decide on RESOURCES needed
RESOURCES refer to the number of personnel equipment allocated to the activity and how many human resources are involved, like 5 programmers.
• Calculate the DURATION
Once effort and resources are determined, the duration can be calculated based on these two element. The formula is DURATION = EFFORT / RESOURCES.
• Calculate the COST
Based on the above three elements, COST can be calculated by considering the cost per unit of time of providing resources, including personnel, and equipment and the cost of supplies.
After getting the cost, we should compare the results with similar project and consult with experts who have similar experience, so we can know whether the cost estimation is correct and adjust the cost.
Elements of the project will be estimated:
Four elements of project estimation:
• Effort: amount of human resource consumed e.g. person-hours• Resources: human, materials, and equipment•
Duration: time take to complete a task Duration = effort / resource • Cost: budget for completion for a task Cost = resource * rate