Let’s talk about amd and intel first
AMD and Intel have a deep relationship. In the early days, Intel first developed its own x86 architecture, and then AMD obtained the x86 authorization and was able to make its own x86. Then when Intel was transitioning to 64-bit, it developed its own ia64 (x64 architecture). However, because it was incompatible with the x86 architecture, the market response was extremely poor. AMD took the lead in developing 64-bit compatibility for x86 (a hybrid architecture of 32 and 64), which was later x86-64, later Intel also obtained the authorization to produce this product (the patents of i and a are very overlapping), and also developed x86-64. Because amd developed it first, x86-64 is also called amd64.
Currently AMD and Intel are the two largest x86 and x86-64 CPU manufacturers in the world (Intel is more powerful, with three out of four in the world). In addition to these two, there are several small companies that also have x86 licenses, such as via, but their technical level is really average.
Let’s talk about x86, arm and mips
The differences and connections between these three should start from the early days of the CPU. The early CPUs had two design ideas. The first was to make the logic circuits in the CPU very complex, so that complex instructions could be directly used in the CPU hardware. This is called complex instructions. Set cisc; another idea is to make the CPU as simple as possible and rely on a combination of simple instructions to iteratively complete complex instructions. This is called reduced instruction set risc.
x86 currently refers to x86 and x86-64 architectures, because x86-64 is fully compatible with x86. The early x86 was a representative of cisc. Later in its development, some concepts of risc were gradually introduced, and the implementation of internal instructions was largely modularized. To be precise, it is an architecture of cisc plus some risc technologies.
At present, the main x86 products include Intel's Xeon, Core, Pentium, Celeron and Atom; AMD's Ryzen, APU, etc. The x64 architecture mentioned above currently only has Intel Itanium and has abandoned the product line.
So far, although the instruction sets of Intel and AMD's x86 architecture CPUs are very different, they are still compatible with each other, so the software can be used directly. '
Let’s talk about arm.
ARM is a typical representative of RISC, but during the development of ARM, some complex instructions were introduced (without complex instructions at all, the operating system would be extremely difficult to run), so it is a CPU based on RISC plus CISC technology.
ARM's main patented technology is in the hands of ARM. Companies like Qualcomm, Samsung, and Apple need to obtain ARM's authorization.
Another typical processor of risc is mips. Mips is an academic CPU with extremely low authorization threshold, so many manufacturers are making Mips or Mips-derived architectures. The mips architecture CPUs we usually come into contact with are mainly used in the embedded field, such as routers.
The most active mips at present is China's Loongson, and its loongisa architecture is actually an extension of mips.
At present, the performance of both mips and arm is very different from mainstream x86. However, arm is cheap and has low power consumption, while mips has strong pure computing power (academic things seem to be like this)
In addition to the above-mentioned ones, there are also power CPUs (RISC, which is what old Apple uses); alpha-architecture CPUs (focusing on supercomputing, currently the most active seems to be China's Sunway, Sunway TaihuLight's CPU is this product) .