How did Chosen Linux develop? Why has it had such a huge impact on the global IT industry?
Preface
The picture above was completed by the blogger in half an hour, and gives some development background of Linxu. Qiuqiu, please give a thumbs up to the judges (poor)
1. History of UNIX Development
To talk about Linux ( Linux is not ot NUIX ) , we have to start with UNIX .
| stage | content |
|---|---|
| Special operating system: Multics | In 1968, some researchers from General Electric Company, Bell Labs, and MIT developed a special operating system called Multics. Multics incorporates many new concepts in multi-tasking file management and user connectivity. |
| UINX system was born | From 1969 to 1970, AT&T Bell Labs researchers Ken Tompson and Dennis Ritchie developed the UINX system based on many Multics features. It runs on a minicomputer and meets the system's requirements for a scientific research environment. From its inception, UNIX has been a valuable, efficient, multi-user and multi-tasking operating system. |
| UNIX free version | UNIX began by meeting individual design needs and gradually grew into a standard software product supported by many different developers. The first version of UNIX was made available free of charge to computer science departments at many well-known universities. |
| UNIX commercial version | In 1972, Bell Labs began to release a commercial version and license the system to different users. One of the users was the Department of Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley added many new features to the system that later became the standard. |
| UNIX derivatives | In 1975, Berkeley released its own version of UNIX through its subsidiary BSD. The BSD version of UNIX became the main competitor to the AT&T Bell Labs version, and other independently developed versions of UNIX also began to emerge. In 1980, Microsoft developed a PC version of UNIX called Xenix. AT&T released the first commercial version. It was called System III and was later replaced by System V, which became a good support for commercial software products. At the same time, the BSD version of UNIX continued to develop. In the late 1970s, BSD UNIX became the basis for scientific research projects of the Department of Defense's high-tech research institutions. As a result, Berkeley released a working version called BSD Release 4.2. It includes an advanced file manager and networking features based on the TCP/IP network protocol. TCP/IP is now used by the Internet. BSD Release4.2 is adopted by many manufacturers, such as SUN Microsystem. |
| Two mainstream versions of UNIX | The emergence of different versions of UNIX led to the need for UNIX standards, and software developers did not know which version their programs were suitable to run on. By the mid-1980s, two competing standards had emerged, an AT&T-based version of UNIX and a BSD version . In bookstores today you can find different books for the two versions of UNIX, some for System V and others focused on BSD UNIX . |
| The first UNIX standard system | AT&T established a new organization called the UNIX System Laboratory. Its role is to integrate different versions of UNIX and focus on developing a standard system. |
| Other signs of the birth of the UNIX system | In 1991, the UNIX Comprehensive Laboratory integrated all the features of System V Release3, SUN OS and Xenix and released System V Release4. In order to compete with System V Release 4, some other companies, such as IBM and HP's Open Software Foundation (OSF), produced their own standard versions of UNIX, and two standard commercial versions emerged: OSF version and System Release 4. |
| UNIX’s final “destination” | In 1993, AT&T sold its UNIX to Novell. The UNIX Systems Laboratory became part of Novell's UNIX Systems Group. Novell released its own version of UNIX, UNIXWare, based on System V Release 4, which can be linked to Novell's Netware system. SUN has integrated System V Release 4 into its SUN OS and released Solaris. Two competing graphical user interfaces used by UNIX (one called Motif and the other Openlook) have been merged into a new work platform standard called the Common Platform Environment (CDE). |
2. Linux Development History
- On October 5, 1991, Linus Benedict Torvalds, a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, announced in a Usenet news group (comp.os.minix) that he had compiled a small UNIX-like operating system called Linux. The new operating system was inspired by another small UNIX operating system, Minix, which was developed by a teacher named Andrew S Tanenbaum. Readers may guess that the system released should be version 0.01 of Linux, but this is not actually the case. The real Linux 0.01 version has not been released because the 0.01 version is not practical. Linus only provided the source code of this version on the first Linux FTP site (ftp://nic.funet.fi).
- The version of Linux released by Torvalds on October 5, called version 0.02, is capable of running the GNU Bourne Again Shell (bash) and the GNU C compiler (gcc), as well as a handful of other languages. Torvalds had absolutely no idea that the operating system he envisioned for advanced hobbyists and hackers would become known as Linux.
- The version of Linux when it was released was 0.02, and later there was version 0.03, and then it jumped to version 0.10. Because more and more programmers around the world have started developing Linux, it has reached version 0.95. This means that the time for releasing version 1.0 is not far away. The official version 1.0 was released in 1994.
3. Open source
- Linux is a free and open source UNIX-like operating system. The kernel of the operating system was first released by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Later, after adding user space applications, it became the Linux operating system system. Strictly speaking, Linux is just the operating system kernel itself, but "Linux kernel" is usually used to express this meaning. Linux is often used to refer to a complete operating system based on the Linux kernel, which includes GUI components and many other practical tools.
- The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL for short) is a widely used free software license agreement. Originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project, the GPL gives computer programs free software Definition, any product derived from GPL software development must be released under a GPL license, and the source code must be disclosed.
- Linux is the most famous example of free software and open source software development. As long as the GNU General Public License is followed, any individual or institution can freely use all the underlying source code of Linux, and can also modify and redistribute it freely. With the rapid development of the Linux operating system, various open source software and practical tools integrated on Linux have also been applied and popularized. Therefore, Linux has become synonymous with open source software.
4. Official website
5. Current status of enterprise applications
- The Development of Linux in the Server Field
As open source software becomes more and more influential around the world, the Linux server operating system occupies an increasing share of the entire server operating system market and has formed a large-scale market application situation. . And maintain a rapid growth rate. Especially in key national fields such as government, finance, agriculture, transportation, and telecommunications. In addition, considering the rapid growth of Linux and the support of relevant national policies, Linux server products will definitely be able to impact the larger server market.
According to statistics from authoritative departments, Linux currently occupies 75% of the market share in the server field. At the same time, the rapid rise of Linux in the server market has attracted great attention from the global IT industry and has become the backbone of the server operating system field with strong momentum. strength
- The Development of Linux in the Desktop Field
In recent years, especially in the domestic market, the development trend of Linux desktop operating systems has been very rapid. Domestic system software manufacturers such as Kirin Linux, Hongqi Linux, Deepin Linux and other system software manufacturers have launched Linux desktop operating systems, which have been widely used in government, enterprises, OEM and other fields. In addition, SUSE and Ubuntu have also launched Linux-based desktop systems, especially Ubuntu Linux, which has accumulated a large number of community users. However, from the perspective of the overall function and performance of the system, there is still a certain gap between the Linux desktop system and the Windows series, mainly in terms of system ease of use, system management, software and hardware compatibility, and software richness.
- The Development of Linux in the Mobile Embedded Field
Linux's low cost, powerful customization capabilities, and good portability have made Linux widely used in embedded systems. Currently, Linux is widely used in mobile phones, tablets, routers, TVs, and Electronic game consoles and other fields. The Android operating system widely used on mobile devices is built on the Linux kernel. At present, Android has become the most popular smartphone operating system in the world. According to the latest statistics from authoritative departments in 2015, the global market share of Android operating system has reached 84.6%.
In addition, Cisco also uses customized Linux in network firewalls and routers, and Alibaba Cloud has also developed a Linux-based operating system "YunOS", which can be used for smartphones, tablets, and Internet TVs; common digital video recorders, stage lighting Control systems are gradually being implemented using customized versions of Linux, and all this is due to the power of Linux and open source.
-The development of Linux in the field of cloud computing/big data
The rapid development of the Internet industry has promoted the formation and rapid development of cloud computing and big data industries. Cloud computing and big data are platforms based on open source software, and Linux occupies the core advantage; according to According to research by the Linux Foundation, 86% of enterprises have used Linux operating systems to build cloud computing and big data platforms. Currently, Linux has begun to replace Unix as the most popular operating system for cloud computing and big data platforms.
6. Release version
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Debian
Debian is extremely stable, which makes it ideal for use on servers. The debian operating system is undoubtedly not suitable for novice users, but for system administrators and advanced users. -
Ubuntu
Ubuntu is a derivative of Debian and the most popular free operating system today. Ubuntu focuses on its applications in this market and is common on servers, cloud computing, and even some mobile devices running Ubuntu Linux. Ubuntu is an operating system that novice users will definitely fall in love with. -
Red Hat Enterprise Linux This is the first Linux distribution targeted at the commercial market. It is available in server versions and supports numerous processor architectures, including x86 and x86_64. Red Hat trains and certifies system administrators through the course Red Hat Certified System Administrator/Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCSA/RHCE).
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CentOS
CentOS is an enterprise Linux distribution built from the ground up using free source code from Red Hat Enterprise Linux. This refactored version completely removes the registered trademark and a very subtle change in the Binary package. For some people who don't want to pay a fortune and want to get a taste of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS is worth a try. Additionally, CentOS appears to look and behave exactly like the parent distribution, Red Hat Enterprise Linux. CentOS uses YUM to manage software packages. -
Fedora
Small Fedora is for those who want to try the latest technology and can't wait for the stable version of the program to be released. In fact, Fedora is a test platform of Red Hat; products are developed and tested on this platform before becoming an enterprise-level distribution. Fedora is a very good distribution, with a huge user forum and a large number of software packages in the software library. -
Kali Linux
Kali Linux is a derivative of Debian. Kali is designed for penetration testing. Kali's predecessor was Backtrack. All Binary packages for Debian can be installed on Kali Linux, and this is where the charm or power of Kali comes from. In addition, the user forum that supports Debian adds a lot to Kali. Kali comes with many penetration testing tools, whether it is Wifi, database or any other tools, all designed to be used immediately. Kali uses APT to manage software packages.
There is no doubt that Kali Linux is a penetration testing tool or the operating system favored by civilized hackers.
Well, this blog ends here, I hope it will be helpful to you.
