The operation of all computers is inseparable from the operating system, and the server (also called server) is an advanced computer that provides computing services, and of course it cannot be separated from the operating system.
Server operating systems generally refer to operating systems installed on large computers, such as Web servers, application servers, and database servers, which are the infrastructure platforms of enterprise IT systems.
Server operating systems are mainly divided into four genres: Unix, Linux, Windows Server and Netware.
UNIX
Unix was first developed at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in 1969 by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Douglas McIlroy.
It is a powerful multi-user, multi-tasking operating system that supports multiple processor architectures. According to the classification of operating systems, it is a time-sharing operating system.
The UNIX operating system is a commercial version, which requires a fee. However, there are also free versions, such as : NetBSD and other similar UNIX versions.
The main ones circulating on the market are SCO SVR, BSD Unix, SUN Solaris , IBM-AIX, HP-U, FreeBSDX
Currently its trademark rights are owned by the International Open Standards Organization. Only UNIX systems that conform to the single UNIX specification can use the name UNIX, otherwise it can only be called UNIX-like (UNIX-like).
UNIX features
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Multi-user, multi-task time-sharing operating system;
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The system structure can be divided into three parts: the operating system kernel, system calls, and applications;
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Most of them are written in C language, the system is easy to read, modify and transplant;
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Rich and carefully selected system calls, the realization of the whole system is very compact and concise;
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Powerful programmable Shell language (shell language);
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It adopts a tree-like directory structure, which has good security, confidentiality and maintainability;
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Using the memory management mechanism of process swapping (Swapping) and the storage method of request paging to realize virtual memory management and greatly increase the efficiency of memory usage;
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Various communication mechanisms, such as: pipeline communication, soft interrupt communication, message communication, shared memory communication, semaphore communication.
Linux
Environment deployment: Linux+Apache+PHP, supported languages include PHP5, html, CGI, pseudo-static; if you are not very familiar with Linux system, you can use wdcp to manage websites, servers and online files
Linux is a set of Unix-like operating systems that are free to use and spread freely. It is a POSIX and UNIX-based multi-user, multi-tasking, multi-threading and multi-CPU operating system.
It inherits Unix's network-centric design idea and is a multi-user network operating system with stable performance. Although the Linux operating system is similar to the UNIX operating system, it is not a variant of the UNIX operating system. Torvald imitated UNIX from the beginning of writing the kernel code, and almost all UNIX tools and shells can run on LINUX.
Main features of Linux:
1. Basic idea: two important ideas: everything is a file, and every software has a definite purpose;
2. Completely free: users can obtain it for free through the Internet or other means, and can modify its source code at will;
3. Fully compatible with POSIX1.0 standard: common DOS and Windows programs can be run under Linux through corresponding emulators;
4. Multi-user, multi-task: Each user has its own special rights to its own file device; multiple programs can run simultaneously and independently;
5. Good interface: Linux has both a character interface and a graphical interface;
6. Support multiple platforms: it can run on multiple hardware platforms, such as platforms with x86, 680x0, SPARC and other processors. In addition, Linux is an embedded operating system that can run on handheld computers, set-top boxes or game consoles.
(1) CentOS 5.6
(2) hundred 6.4
There are many Linux server operating systems, and CentOS is one of them. It is compiled based on the source code of Red Hat Enterprise Linux. It is more suitable for some enterprises that require high server stability.
Windows Server
Environment deployment: Windows+IIS+ASP, supported languages are ASP, html, .net2.0/3.5/4.0, CGI, pseudo-static. ****
Windows Server was launched by Microsoft on April 24, 2003, and its core is WSS (Microsoft Windows Server System)
The latest version is Windows Server 2016 r2
Microsoft introduced some new features in Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 Hyper-V, making the new features in Windows Server 2016 Hyper-V seem relatively small.
However, there are some compelling Hyper-V features in the latest release, including virtual machine isolation, storage resiliency improvements, PowerShell changes and production checkpoints.
Important versions Windows NT Server 4.0, Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008R2, Windows Server 2012. The application of Windows server operating system, combined with the .NET development environment, provides a good application framework for Microsoft enterprise users
(1)Windows 2003
Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system developed by Microsoft based on Windows XP/NT5.1. It was officially launched in 2003. In 2015, Microsoft announced that it would no longer provide support services for Windows Server 2003, which means that updates and patches cannot be obtained from Microsoft's official website since then. .
Windows Server 2003 mainly uses the IIS6 deployment environment. It is divided into web version, standard version and enterprise version. The web version supports 2G memory, and it can only recognize 2G even if 4G memory is inserted. Most small and medium-sized enterprises use the standard version. If you want to deploy a cluster, you need to use Enterprise Edition.
(2)Windows 2008
Windows server 2008 is specially designed to strengthen the functions of next-generation networks, applications, and web services. Compared with Windows server 2003, it is stronger than Windows Server 2003 in terms of Web tools, virtualization technology, and security.
Note: Microsoft officially announced that starting from Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server no longer provides 32-bit versions
Netware
Netware is a network operating system launched by Novell Corporation. The NetWare operating system is centered on the file server and mainly consists of three parts: the file server kernel, the workstation shell, and the underlying communication protocol.
Its most important feature is the open system structure based on the basic module design idea.
Currently commonly used versions are 3.11, 3.12 and 4.10, V4.11, v:A36568849 V5.0 and other Chinese and English versions.
The mainstream version is NETWARE 5, which supports all important desktop operating systems (DOS, Windows, OS/2, Unix and Macintosh) and IBM SAA environment, and is suitable for enterprises and institutions that need to perform complex network computing in a multi-vendor product environment Provides a high-performance integrated platform.
Summarize
Since each operating system has different functions and characteristics, its application conditions are also different. The current general situation is as follows:
Unix has high security, so it is generally used in important occasions such as banks and governments.
In some specific industries and institutions, NetWare's excellent batch processing function and safe and stable system performance also have a lot of room for survival. Commonly used versions of NetWare include Novell's 3.11, 3.12, 4.10, 5.0 and other Chinese and English versions
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