Friends who pay attention to scientific research and technology should have heard the news of South Korea’s development of room temperature superconducting materials in recent days. As a siege lion, I am naturally very interested. After some ideological struggle, I still put down the microcontroller in my hand. Looking at the facts about room-temperature superconductivity, after all, I have the impression that I have made oolongs several times before. If normal-temperature superconductivity can be realized, then it will be the "resistance is 0" encountered in junior high school physics. It is not only the embedded and communication system hardware that needs to be innovated, but the entire computer and even the industry is a revolution. Today's chip technology, All hardware technologies have to be innovated. Thinking of this, the single-chip microcomputer has been pushed to a farther corner by me.
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A strong reaction from the market
Generally, this kind of global big news is basically speculated first, and the topic of superconductivity is estimated to be hot in the near future. Looking at the chatGPT at the beginning of the year, I feel that no one wants to miss this wave. In the first half of the year, the entire computer software has to be reconstructed with AI large models. In the second half of the year, will the entire electronics, computers, energy... have another major reconstruction?
The expected verification will be left to time, let's take a look at what big news this is.
2. What is room temperature superconductivity?
Before talking about room temperature superconductivity, let’s talk about superconductivity first. Superconductivity is a physical phenomenon. Generally speaking, a superconductor is a material with superconducting ability. When it is under a certain temperature (this temperature also has a professional name, called "superconducting transition temperature"), the resistance will change. becomes zero.
So what can superconductivity do? This is actually the most critical issue. The use of superconductivity is determined by the characteristics of superconductivity:
Zero resistance is easy to understand, so what's the matter with complete diamagnetism? Diamagnetism is also a material phenomenon, also known as diamagnetism, which is the phenomenon that when the material is in an external magnetic field environment, it will produce a weak repulsion to the magnetic field. Because of the principle of diamagnetism, it is probably that the electrons of the substance are affected by the external magnetic force, and the movement of the electrons will form a corresponding direction, and because the resistance of the superconductor is 0, the movement of the electrons will continue. "Magnetic energy generates electricity", and electricity can also generate magnetism. Finally Just cancel the force of the external magnetic field, and there is complete diamagnetism.
Source: Network
金属导体的电阻会随著温度降低而逐渐减少，但是材料要达到超导状态的“超导转变温度”的值是非常低的，有些金属甚至到“绝对零度”时电阻值仍然不为零。理论上，为了尽量用超导体的强大特性，用于人们的生活中，是要找到一种金属材料，在常温环境下就能达到零电阻和完全抗磁性的效果，但是目前实际上要达到超导状态，是必须得有严格外部环境才行，比如很高的压力、极低的温度等，那这自然限制了其应用范围，可能做某些特殊实验倒是可行。
所以说白了，就是要找到或制备常温正常环境下（一般是0°C以上的温度），也能达到超导状态的材料，这就是常温超导（Room-temperature superconductor）。
而在寻找和制备常温超导的科研探索路上，人们一直没有停止过，截至2020年，能达到的最高温的超导体是超高压的含碳硫化氢系统，需要在压力267 GPa时，其临界温度是+15°C。
而在常压下的最高温超导体是高温超导体铜氧化物，需要在138 开尔文（-135 °C）的温度下才有超导现象。
三 最新消息
这次关于常温超导的波澜的起因，是7月23日，韩国科学技术研究院（KIST）的量子能源研究中心发布了一篇“The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor”（首个室温常压超导体）的论文，里面描述的是其称为LK-99的新型室温超导体（该文章PDF可以网上搜索下载，有下载不到的请关注公众号私信我获取），与此相关的，还有一篇韩国期刊论文，以及一项专利申请。当然它的核心就是，怎么炼制这个常温常压的超导材料出来：
- 准备氧化铅和硫酸铅粉末，1：1的比例放入坩埚均匀混合，空气中加热至725度烧24小时，得到黄铅矿晶体；
- 将铜单质和磷粉末放入真空管，在坩埚用480度加热48小时，得到磷化亚铜晶体
- 将前两步烧制出来的两种晶体研磨成粉末后放入真空管，坩埚中925度加热5~20个小时，最后就得到了LK-99晶体（铜掺杂的铅磷灰石）
Although this paper was published on July 23, why did it suddenly become popular on August 1? I think people in the industry must have paid a lot of attention in the previous week, because there have been many oolong incidents before, this time we should treat it with caution, and we must be rigorous and meticulous, otherwise we always draw conclusions arbitrarily, which is harmful to the credibility of scientific research. It is a big damage. Therefore, in the past few days after the paper was published, many experts and professors in the field were skeptical.
The latest news today is that different laboratories are reproducing the process according to the process, including those that use computers to simulate the process. The news revealed is that it is theoretically feasible, but it is estimated that it will take time to continue to study the actual implementation to see if it can be done. Really prepared room temperature superconducting materials.
Four application prospects
Needless to say, the application prospect of room-temperature superconductivity will bring changes at the level of physical phenomena. The transmission and consumption of electric energy that we are accustomed to in the past will be completely changed, and the realization of quantum computers will become simpler. What charGPT brings is the improvement of intelligent computing and decision-making, while room temperature superconductivity brings about changes in the physical foundation, which will have an epoch-making impact on all aspects of human life. Regardless of the result of room temperature superconductivity this time, it is definitely worth continuing to explore on the road of scientific research on the search and preparation of room temperature superconductivity.