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1. What exactly is the Selenium library?
Selenium is a powerful automated testing tool that allows you to directly manipulate the browser to complete various tasks that interact with web pages. By using Python's Selenium library, you can efficiently automate web page testing, saving a lot of time and effort.
1.1 The main functions of the Selenium library
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Automated testing: It can realize the automated functional testing of the website, such as clicking buttons, entering text, selecting drop-down menus, etc.
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Web crawler: For some websites that require login or have an anti-crawling mechanism, Selenium can be used to easily deal with them.
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Automated tasks: such as regularly visiting websites, automatically submitting forms, etc.
1.2 Advantages of Selenium library
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Supports multiple programming languages: Python, Java, C#, Ruby, etc.
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Supports multiple browsers: Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari, etc.
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Cross-platform: Windows, macOS, Linux.
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The community is active and continuously updated and maintained.
Second, the installation and configuration of the Selenium library
2.1 Install the Selenium library
Before installing the Selenium library, make sure you have Python installed. Next, simply open a terminal or command prompt and enter the following command to install the Selenium library:
pip install selenium
2.2 Configure browser driver
To use Selenium to control the browser, you also need to install the corresponding browser driver. The Chrome browser is used as an example here, and the installation methods for other browser drivers are similar.
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Download Chrome Driver: Search ChromeDriver and select the driver that matches your Chrome browser version on the download page.
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Decompress the downloaded compressed package, and place the decompressed
chromedriverfile in an executable path, such as/usr/local/bin(macOS, Linux) orC:\Windows(Windows).
3. Use the Selenium library for basic operations
3.1 Start the browser
Import the Selenium webdriver module, and then instantiate a Chrome driver object to start the Chrome browser:
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
3.2 Open the web page
In get the method of use, pass in the target URL to let the browser open the URL:
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
3.3 Positioning page elements
Selenium provides a variety of methods to locate page elements, such as find_element_by_id, find_element_by_name, find_element_by_class_name and so on. Here, take the Baidu search box as an example, use find_element_by_id the method to locate:
search_box = driver.find_element_by_id("kw")
3.4 Operating page elements
After finding the page element, you can perform various operations on it, such as entering text, clicking buttons, etc. Here is an example of entering search keywords:
search_box.send_keys("Selenium")
3.5 Submit the form
After entering keywords in the search box, you also need to click the "Baidu click" button to submit the form. Here, find_element_by_id the method is used to locate the button, and then click the method is used to click:
search_button = driver.find_element_by_id("su")
search_button.click()
3.6 Waiting for the page to load
When doing automated testing, it is often necessary to wait for the page to load. Selenium provides two wait methods: explicit wait and implicit wait.
3.6.1 Explicit waits
An explicit wait will keep trying to find the target element for the specified time until it is found. Here is an example of waiting for the search results to appear:
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
try:
element = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "content_left"))
)
except TimeoutException:
print("等待超时！")
3.6.2 Implicit waits
Implicit wait waits for a specified amount of time before throwing an exception while looking for an element. Here is an example of waiting for the search results to appear:
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
content_left = driver.find_element_by_id("content_left")
3.7 Get page information
Get the title, URL, source code and other information of the page:
title = driver.title
url = driver.current_url
source = driver.page_source
print("标题：", title)
print("URL：", url)
3.8 Closing the browser
Don't forget to close your browser when everything is done:
driver.quit()
4. Advanced application of Selenium library
4.1 Switch windows
When doing automated testing, it is sometimes necessary to switch to a newly opened window. Here is an example of clicking the "About Baidu" link at the bottom of Baidu's homepage to demonstrate how to switch windows:
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
about_link = driver.find_element_by_link_text("关于百度")
about_link.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL + Keys.RETURN)
driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[-1])
4.2 Switch Frame
Some webpages use Frame to nest pages. In this case, you need to switch to the corresponding Frame to operate the elements. You can use switch_to.frame the method to switch Frame:
driver.switch_to.frame("frame_name")
To switch back to the main page, you can use switch_to.default_content the following methods:
driver.switch_to.default_content()
4.3 Execute JavaScript code
Sometimes, you may need to execute some JavaScript codes to achieve specific functions, such as scrolling pages, modifying element attributes, and so on. Here is an example of scrolling the page:
driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);")
5. Technical summary
Through the introduction of this article, I believe you have mastered the basic knowledge of Selenium library, including automated testing, browser driver, page interaction, etc. Now, you can easily automate web page testing with Python + Selenium!
Do you have any thoughts or questions about this article? Welcome to leave a message to discuss in the comment area!
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