The arrival of the era of big data has brought new opportunities for government management reform. In August 2015, the State Council issued the "Outline of Action for Promoting the Development of Big Data", which clearly proposed to "promote the openness and sharing of government data"; Barriers and "islands" promote the sharing and sharing of information across departments and levels. How to promote data sharing among government departments, break down information barriers and "data chimneys", optimize government management processes and improve collaborative governance capabilities has become a top priority .
The problem of big data sharing in government affairs
In the process of promoting the sharing of government big data, there are three problems of " unwilling to share ", " dare not to share " and " unable to share ".
Some government departments are reluctant to share the management data of their own systems with other departments. There are three main reasons:
One is the unwillingness to share because of the power standard. A small number of government departments often think that data comes from the accumulation of the work of the department, which implies departmental power, so it should be "private of the department". Proactively provide data.
Second, there is a lack of legal constraints and an assessment mechanism that is unwilling to share. The most high-sounding reason is that there is no "enforcement of the law" or "clear instructions and hard requirements from superiors" regarding data sharing.
Third, government departments are unwilling to share due to their own inertia and "path dependence". Some government departments are accustomed to following the inherent working model and lack the incentive to share data. "Unwilling to share" is essentially departmental protectionism, and its action strategy is usually to stick to the rules, wait for action, follow the trend, adopt the attitude of "more than one thing is less", or "build the plank road, darken the warehouse", do not want to step forward Take shared steps. The manifestations of "unwillingness to share" mainly include delaying sharing, resisting sharing, or only sharing irrelevant data to cope with, perfunctory and so on.
Some government departments are afraid to share management data with other departments based on risk considerations. The main reason is that they are worried about the negative impact and adverse consequences after sharing, or they are afraid that the original data of the department will be exposed to be untrue and inaccurate during sharing, which will lead to accountability, or they believe that "data security and confidentiality are more important than sharing", take measures Closed behavior is more appropriate. The most high-sounding reason for individual government departments to refuse to share is that the Confidentiality Law is a national law, while the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Disclosure of Government Information are only administrative regulations, and the Action Outline for Promoting the Development of Big Data is nothing more than a red-headed document from the State Council. Obviously, for individual government departments, "secret" is more important than "open", and "closed" is safer than "shared". "Don't dare to share" is essentially "inaction" dominated by conservative psychology, and its action strategy is often "defense as offense", or bury its head as an ostrich, instead of facing the new era background and requirements of the times. The main manifestations of "don't dare to share" include wait-and-see, shyness, fear of innovation and breakthrough, etc.
Some government departments cannot take out management data in a timely manner to share with other departments. The reason:
First, "information barriers" hinder sharing. The government's original information management systems are mainly established within departments and systems. The information management system has objectively formed "information islands" and "data chimneys". Information cannot be shared between horizontal departments, and artificially formed "information barriers" that are difficult to cross horizontally.
Second, the problem of standards hinders sharing. In the construction of the original government information system, due to the lack of the support of the standard system, the data formats collected by various departments are not uniform, the standards are inconsistent, the processing technologies and application platforms adopted are different, and the database interfaces are also different. Intercommunication. Therefore, it is difficult to integrate information management platforms, which leads to delays and deviations in data guidance, data acquisition, and interactive exchange, and it is difficult to share information resources.
Third, institutional problems have delayed sharing. Due to unclear management boundaries, unclear division of responsibilities, and unclear management rules for the ownership, collection, and development of data resources, data collection, integration, cleaning, and comparison are performed in a short period of time. It is difficult to complete the internal data sharing and maintenance, and the source of funding support required for data sharing and maintenance is not clear, which also increases the difficulty of data sharing between departments.
The solution to the problem of sharing government big data
1. Establish new concepts of "public data" and "shared value-added"
First, the concept of "public ownership" of government data must be established. In the era of big data, government data is no longer the "exclusive product" of the department. It is necessary to break the old concept of "department-private" government data and vigorously emphasize its "public goods" attribute.
The second is to establish the concept of "shared value-added" data. It should be clearly recognized that the government holds more than 80% of the data resources, if not fully utilized, it will cause huge waste of resources. Through data sharing, the full development and application of government big data will generate new value, which can greatly increase the value of "sleeping" government data.
2. Build an integrated and integrated big data exchange and sharing platform
In some places, a sharing platform for regional big data exchange has been established. At the national level, my country is about to establish a national integrated national big data center, build a national big data center network and a government data open platform covering the whole country, and promote the openness of public data and the cross-departmental and cross-regional sharing of basic data resources.
3. Formulate government big data standards and operating procedures to break down technical barriers to data sharing
The first is to study and formulate various data standards, establish a "standard cornerstone" for information resource sharing, and standardize information resources with inconsistent original standards in accordance with the catalog system standards.
The second is to standardize the processing flow of government big data. In terms of data sharing, the type, method, content, objects, conditions, etc. of data sharing are standardized; in terms of data collection, the processing process is clarified according to the "five clearing" requirements of clear responsibilities, clear requirements, clear permissions, clear resources, and clear objects , sort out data resources, and then form a usable data set; in terms of data cleaning and comparison, take the lead in standardizing the cleaning and comparison of the three major information resource databases, "Population Database", "Legal Person Database" and "Geographic Information Database". By formulating standard specifications and operating procedures, government big data will become more convenient in terms of collection, guidance, integration, comparison, and interaction, removing technical obstacles for data sharing.
4. Improve the corresponding legal system for the sharing of government big data
The "Administrative Measures for Shanghai Municipal Affairs Data Resource Sharing" divides data resources into three types: "universal sharing", "on-demand sharing" and "non-sharing", and provides centralized storage and unified management of the city's government affairs data resource catalogue, government affairs data resources The construction of the catalog system and the standardization, standardization and efficiency of the data resource sharing process between departments shall be standardized. At the national level, it is necessary to study and formulate the corresponding legal system for big data on the basis of absorbing the experience of Guizhou, Shanghai and other provinces and cities. .
5. Establish a performance appraisal and accountability mechanism to urge the sharing of government big data
The promotion of government big data sharing work should be included in government performance assessment, accountability for "inaction" behaviors, the formation of a reverse coercion mechanism, and timetable constraints for lower-level departments to urge data sharing.