"Heavenly Creations·Taoman (shān)" Ming·Song Yingxing
"Tiangong Kaiwu" covers agriculture and handicrafts, such as machinery, bricks, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, dyeing, salt making, coal mining, oil extraction and other production technologies.
Song Yingxing (1587-about 1666), named Changgeng, Fengxin, Jiangxi, a thinker and scientist in the Ming Dynasty.
"Heavenly Creation" Middle Volume
Tao Old Volume Seven (Excerpt)
Ming·Song Yingxing
Song Zi (Song Yingxing) said: Water and fire are both economic and local. A country with thousands of rooms, with thousands of people daily and not enough for civilian use, is also prosperous. The upper building and lower room are sheltered from wind and rain, while 瓴 (líng, tile.) is built. The prince set up danger to defend his country, and the castle wall (zhì dié, low wall on the wall, used to defend the city. Commonly known as the parapet.) The mud urn is strong but the wine desires to be clear, and the wadden (stalwart sacrificial vessel) is clean and 醯醢 (xī hǎi, sauce made of vinegar and fish meat.) is recommended. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, zǔ dòu (zǔ dòu, two kinds of vessels used in ancient sacrificial offerings.) was made of wood, rather than a qualitative contemplation. Later generations of earth are effective, artificially expressing differences, pottery and elegant, with plain muscles and jade bones. A few (jī) feasts can be concealed, and civilization (gentle and lustrous) can be touched. How can it be solid?
○Watt
Everyone used clay to make tiles, digging more than two feet of ground, and chose clay without sand. Within a hundred miles, suitable earth colors must be produced for people's living. The tile shapes of all residential buildings are quadrangular and divided into pieces. First, the drum is used as the mold bone, and four circles are drawn outside. Mix cooked mud and fold into high rectangular strips. Then use the iron string to string the bow, three points above the line, limited by a ruler, and a piece of mud █ (dèng) flat (jiá, scraping.), like a piece of paper, on top of the round bucket. When it dries a little, it will come out from the mould and naturally split into four pieces. The size of the tile is bitter (suspected to be ancient) indefinite, the larger one is eight or nine inches wide and the smaller one shrinks by three tenths. In the room and the ditch, the largest one is required, called the ditch tile, which can withstand the rain without spilling.
When the billets are finished and dried, they are piled up in the kiln for burning and raising the fire, or one day or two days and nights, depending on how much the kiln is for a long time. Watering and turning to rust [yin right] (yòu, same as "glaze" in ancient times.) Same method as brick making. It hangs over the eaves (yán, the same as "eaves.") Those at the end have "drip", those not at the edge of the ridge have "cloud tiles", those that cover the ridge have "hug", and those at both ends of the ridge have birds and beasts. The images are all made manually one by one, and they are made by fire and water in the kiln.
If used by the royal palace, it is very different. It is made of glazed tiles, or slabs, or Wantong. It is made piece by piece with round bamboo and twig wood. The soil must be taken from the Taiping Mansion 〖boat transported three thousand li Fangda Jingshi, to participate in the puppet of the sand, the chuán (same as "ship") disturbed. Harm, not extreme. That is, the Emperor Cheng's Tomb was also taken here, and no one discusses it. 〗Cause. Put it into the glaze kiln first, pour one hundred tiles for every five thousand catties of firewood. Take out the color and paint it with the decoction juice of Wumingyi (a kind of mineral), 㯶 (zōng, the same as "brown".) palm hair and other decoction to make green dai, ocher (zhě, crimson stone.), rosin, cattail, etc. yellow. Re-enter the kiln, reduce the fire, and force the color into colored glaze. The temple of the princes of other provinces and the temple of the Immortal Buddha are also used in some cases, but the color materials have their own analogies, and the selection does not need to be the same, and the residences are also forbidden.
○Brick
Every old man made bricks with mud, and he also digs the ground to distinguish the color of the earth, which is blue or white, or red or yellow. 〖Min, Guangdo red mud, blue is called good mud, Jiangsu and Zhejiang (zhè, the same as "Zhe".) Mostly. 〗The top priority is the sticky but not loose, powder but not sand. Drawing water and nourishing the soil, people count the wrong toes of the cow one by one, step on the thick mud, and then fill the wood kuang, the iron wire bows and flattens the surface, forming a blank shape.
Fanjunyi, city pheasant, folk house, and wall are used for sleeping bricks and side bricks. The mian brick square is long, the city is built and the people are rich, and they will go straight up at any cost. Resident calculations put side bricks all the way on top of their sleep, filling them with soil and gravel, which is the meaning of saving. Wherever the wall is brick, the outside house (zhòu, paving the ground.) The name of the lander is Fangqian (màn) brick. The roof rafters (cuī jué) are called huáng tiles. Yuanju (arch voucher) small bridge and Guimen (round arch) and 窀穸 (zhūn xī, tomb.) Tombs are called sword bricks and Ju bricks. Where the knife and bricks are cut narrow and side-to-side, the faces are squeezed tightly, and the tops are built into a circle, and the carts and horses cannot be damaged by crushing.
Make square bricks, put mud into Fang Kuangzhong, and cover the surface with a flat plate. Two people stand on it, research and turn it into a solid one, and burn it for use. The masonry grinds the four edges, and then the ground. Daozhuzhi looked directly at the wall tiles and slightly overflowed. The slab brick accumulates ten to make it one of the wall bricks. The square bricks are ten of the enemy wall bricks.
After the bricks are finished, they are put into the kiln, and the installed Baijun will be firepower for a day and night, and the two Baijun will be enough time. There are firewood kilns and coal kilns for burning bricks. Those who use salaries turn the fire into blue-black, and those who use coal turn the fire into white. On the top of the Fanchai kiln, three holes are drilled on the side to produce fireworks. When the fire is full, the holes are solidified and the water turns to rust. When the fire is less than one or two, the rusty color is not only, and when the fire is less than three or two, the name is tender firebrick, and the natural color is mixed. When the day is frost and snow, it will dissolve and still return to the soil. One or two more fires will cause cracks on the brick surface, and three or two more, the bricks will shrink and split, buckle and not extend, and hit like broken iron, which is not suitable for use. The clever use of it buried in the soil as the foot of the wall, there are also bricks. When you observe the fire, you can see through the kiln door. The soil on the inner wall is swayed by the fire essence. If the gold and silver melt extremely, Tao Chang (the leader in charge of the brick kiln) distinguishes it.
For the method of turning rust, the kiln is turned up as a flat field, with a little string around it, and water is poured on it. Forty stones for bricks and tiles. The god of water penetrates under the earth membrane, and is formed with the fire. Both water and fire are economical, and their quality is endless. If the coal kiln looks at the firewood kiln, the depth will be doubled, and the round ball on it will become smaller and not capped. The coal is used to make a five-foot wide cake, and each layer of coal is separated by bricks, and the reed pays off on fire.
If bricks were used in the imperial residence, the major factory was in Linqing (now Liaocheng, Shandong), and the industrial department was in charge of it. The original names include sub-bricks, coupon-bricks, flat-bodied bricks, gazebo bricks, axe-blade bricks, square bricks, etc., and they are removed later. Half-shipped to the capital, forty yuan per boat, half of the boat. Those who used fine-material square bricks for the main hall were made up in Suzhou. The color of its glazed bricks has been loaded with tiles. Take the Xintai Foundation Factory (Taijichang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing), and burn the Heiyao (Heiyaochang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing).
○Poppy Urn
Fan Tao is a genus (fǒu, a pottery pottery for wine with a big belly and a small mouth.), with hundreds of categories. The big urn, the middle bowl, and the small bottle and jars are all based on the square soil. This must be a round but not square tool. After trying the soil to find the mud, the pottery wheel is still made. Those who are proficient in time depend on the size of the device, and the pinch does not increase much. The dragon and phoenix cylinders used by the imperial court [kilns in Zhending Quyang and Yangzhou Yizhen] and Nanzhi (Nanzhili, present-day Jiangsu Province.) flower cylinders were thickly piled up with mud and carved into pieces. The methods were completely different. The value is either a hundred times or five times.
All poppy ribbons with ears and mouths are closed separately and coated with rusty water. Pottery has a bottom, but the bottomless is to the west of Shaan (Shanxian), and the zèng (zèng) uses tiles instead of wood. Every pottery that is fine is rusty both at home and abroad, and the thick one may rust its half. Only sand pots, tooth bowls and the like, which are not rusty, preserve their roughness, so that they can be studied. The casserole guàn (guàn, "tank" in ancient times) is not rusty, which is good for fire penetration and can be cooked well.
Where the rust material is born everywhere, Jiangsu, Zhejiang (same as "Zhe"), Fujian, and the people who use it, the fern and blue grass (that is, kidney fern) blindly. The grass is the salary of the residents for the stove. It is no more than three feet long, and the branches and leaves resemble cedar but not thorny. [The name is dozens of them, different from place to place]. The Tao family took the burning ash, filled the bag with water to clear it, and removed the thick one and took the finest. For every two bowls of ash, add a bowl of red clay mud and water, stir it very evenly, dip it on the coating, and burn it into a light color. The north did not specify what to use. Suzhou yellow rust is also unexpected. However, the dragon and phoenix utensils are still used in rosin, which is different from the nameless.
Fanping kiln burns small utensils and cylinder kiln burns large utensils. Shanxi and Zhejiang are divided into cylinder kilns and bottle kilns, and the rest of the provinces are integrated into one place. If you make an open cylinder, turn it into two pieces, and use wooden vertebrae (chuí, mallet.) to tighten the joints inside and outside. The bend (contracted) altar urn is also joined in two pieces. It is inconvenient to use vertebrae. The ring, like a diamond ring, is printed on the inside and the outside is tightened with wood vertebrae, and the soil is self-contained.
The jars and bottle kilns are not on the flat ground, but must be on the oblique fu hills. The lengthened ones may be twenty to thirty meters, and the shorter ones are more than ten meters. They are connected to dozens of kilns, all of which are one level higher. The cover is surrounded by mountains, so it drives away the water and dampness, and the anger goes up again. There are dozens of people who have become pottery, and if there is no value, they will be combined with crowdfunding. After the kiln was completed, the top layer was covered with super fine soil, three inches thick. The kiln is separated by a five-foot-long smoke window, and the two sides of the kiln door open towards each other. The loading head is a low kiln, and the big urn is installed at the end of the high kiln. The fire started from the first low kiln, and the two met to see the fire. Pottery is roughly 130 kilograms and the salary is 100 kilograms. When the fire is full, the door is closed, and then the second fire is fired, and the end cloud is finally reached.
○White porcelain (attached: celadon)
Where white clay is called chalky soil, it is used as an exquisite pottery tool. There are only five or six places out of China. The north is Zhending Dingzhou (Hebei), Pingliang Huating (Gansu), Taiyuan Pingding, Kaifeng Yuzhou, Nanzequan County (Quanzhou, Fujian) Dehua [Earth from Yongding, kiln in Dehua] , Huijun Wuyuan, Qimen 〖The white clay pottery fan elsewhere is not sticky, or sweeps the wall as a support (màn)〗. Dehua kilns only used porcelain immortals, exquisite figures, and toys, which were not practical. Zhen (Zhending), Kai (Kaifeng) and other county porcelain kilns, the color or yellow stagnant without precious light. The combined counties lost to Jiangxi Rao County. Chuzhou in Zhejiang Province (li (lí) water in ancient times, its name is related to the division of stars and stars.) Lishui and Longquan have burnt rusty cups and bowls, and they are blue and black as lacquer. They are called Chuyao. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, there was a kiln made by Zhang's family at the foot of Longquan Hualiu Mountain, and the money was expensive.
Ruofu is of Chinese descent, well-known hunter, and is also a product of Jingdezhen, Fuliang (old county name) in Rao County. This town has been a place for burning utensils since ancient times, but it does not produce white clay. The two mountains in Wuyuan and Qimen are unearthed: one is Gaoliang Mountain, with japonica rice soil, which is hard in nature; the other is Kaihua Mountain, with glutinous rice soil, which is soft in nature. The two soils are united and the porcelain is built. The soil is made into cubes, and small boats are transported to the town. The maker divides the two soils into the mortar and pound for one day, and then puts it into the water tank (dèng). Those that float up are fine materials, those that fall through a tank are coarse materials that sink to the bottom. Take the floater from the fine material tank, the finest material is poured over, and the medium material that sinks to the bottom. After it was cleared, a long pond was built with bricks and approached (closed) to the kiln to borrow firepower. Pour the cleared mud into it to absorb dry, and then re-use clean water to reconcile the billet.
There are two types of porcelain blanks, one is the printing ware, such as urns and furnace boxes with different radius, and the imperial wares include porcelain screens and candle holders. First, use yellow clay to make a mold, either broken in two, or in two sections, or 囫囵 (hú lún, whole.). Then the old white mud is printed, and the seams are coated with rusty water. When it is burned out, it will round itself without gaps. The first is the round ware. All kinds of cups and plates of hundreds of millions of sizes are necessary for a living person. The creator is 19, and the seal is eleven. The pottery cart is made before making this blank. The car is upright with a piece of wood, and it is buried three feet into the soil to stabilize it. The upper two feet high, the upper and lower discs, the rim of the disc is pulled and rotated by short bamboo sticks, and the top of the disc is carved with sandalwood into a helmet head on it.
Where there is no shaping pattern for making cups and plates, hold the mud helmet with both hands and lift it up, and turn the plate around. Cut off the nails with your thumb, press the bottom of the mud, and then twist your big finger thinly upwards to form a cup of bowl. If you have a lot of work, that is, you will be like a model. Those who make small billets on the helmet do not need to add mud. The middle plate and the large bowl will increase the mud, and the big one will make it dry and then receive work. After the fingers are turned into a blank, they are covered with a helmet to make a mark, and the light is left to moisturize and another mark, and the sun becomes extremely white and dry, and it enters the water ("Guangyun" "Jiyun": sound text. Sticky saliva.), (Lù, the liquid slowly seeps down.) The upper helmet is exposed, and the knife is used twice. The pulse of the hand vibrates slightly when the knife is passed, and the mouth of the bird is burned out. Then fill in the missing parts, and rotate the car in circles. After the circle or draw or write, spray a few mouthfuls of water after painting, and then rust.
Crushers (porcelain with cracks), Qianzhongsu (porcelain with rice grain-like protrusions) and brown cups are not used. To be a crusher, after a sharp knife, the sun is extremely hot. Dip it into the water and burn it out of the cracked text. Thousand bells of millet will make the rusty pulp quicker, and the brown will make the old tea leaves a touch of water. 〖Ancient broken tools are extremely treasured by Japan, and the true ones do not hesitate to spend their money. The ancient incense burner crusher is made of unknown origin. There are iron nails at the bottom, and the nails are not rusty (xiù, the same as "rust" in ancient times). 〗
The white porcelain rust of Fanrao Town is made with Xiaogangzui mud, and peach and bamboo leaf ash, like Qing swill sauce [Quanjun Porcelain Fairy uses pine hair water to adjust the mud, Chujun celadon glaze is not detailed], it is filled in the jar. When the utensils have been rusted, they should be swept inside first, and the outside will be dipped into the string with a finger, and they will flow naturally. Everyone who paints a bowl with green material is always obscure. [The painter's frying oil is also used to collect the color]. This thing does not grow deep soil, but floats on the ground. The deep one can only dig three feet down, and it is found in all provinces. It also identifies loading, middle and unloading, and burns the charcoal fire (duàn) first. The upper one turns into a green hair color, the middle one is slightly green, and the lower one is close to earthy brown. The upper ones are calcined at only seven taels per catty, and the middle and lower ones are reduced by times. The fine materials and dragons and phoenixes of the top grade are all painted with the above materials, so the price per stone is worth twenty-four taels of silver, the middle one is half, and the lower one is only three tenths.
The materials used in Fanrao Town are those from Quzhou (Quzhou, Zhejiang) and Xin (Guangxin, Jiangxi, Shangrao today). Those who go up high (high in Yichun, Jiangxi) are in the middle, and those who go to high in Fengcheng (Fengcheng, Yichun, Jiangxi) are low. After all the materials are calcined, use a mortar to grind the bottom of the bowl as thick as it will not turn rust, and then adjust the water. When investigating, the color is soapy, but it turns blue when it enters the fire. For those who make the crusher into a purple cup, moisten it with rouge, tie the iron wire around, put the charcoal in the crusher, and then apply the wet rouge to it. Where Xuanhong utensils are fired after being fired, and made by ingenious micro-moxibustion, non-world cinnabar can retain red matter in the fire. [Xuanhong Yuan has been lost at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhengde (the reign of Ming Wuzong Zhu Huzhao) Recreated〗.
After the porcelain has been painted with rust, put it in a sagger [hold it in your hand when it is lightly heavy and burn it out in the next day, it will become a col, no longer in the right]. The bowl is made of coarse mud, one of the mud cakes holds the other, and the bottom space is filled with sand. There is a box for a large vessel, and a sagger for a dozen small vessels. The good ones will burn more than ten degrees, and the bad ones will be broken once or twice. Put the sagger into the kiln and then raise the fire. There are twelve round eyes above the kiln, which is called the skylight. The fire is sufficient at twelve o'clock. When the door fire was launched ten times, the firepower attacked from below, then the skylight threw firewood and burned for two hours, and the firepower penetrated from above. The device is as soft as cotton wool in the fire. Take one with an iron fork to test the fire. Be serious, and then stop the fire. A total of one cup, seventy-two workmanship, Fang Kecheng, the details of which are not yet exhausted.