多表查询
1,内连接
1.1 等值连接
方式一:=
查询所有员工的员工和部门信息(查询员工和部门的信息)
select * from emp,dept
产生一个笛卡尔集
下面就是避免笛卡尔集的方式:等值条件
select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno
方式二:join on
select *from emp join deptonemp.deptno = dept.deptno
方式二:inner join on
select *from emp inner join dept on emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
1.2 非等值连接
查询所有员工的姓名和薪资等级信息
select * from emp,salgrade where sal between salgrade.losal and salgrade.hisal
1.3 自连接
查询每门课程的先修课名称
select fir.*,sec.cname from course fir,course sec
where fir.cpno = sec.cno
查询每门课程的间接先修课名称(先修课的先修课)
select
fir.cno,fir.cname,third.cno,third.cname
from
course fir,course sec,course third
where
fir.cpno = sec.cno
and
sec.cpno = third.cno
改造:
select
fir.cno,fir.cname,third.cno,third.cname
from
course fir
inner join
course sec
on
fir.cpno = sec.cno
inner join
course third
on
sec.cpno = third.cno
总结:内连接的特点 :求交集
select * from course
select fir.*,sec.cname from course fir,course sec
where fir.cpno = sec.cno
2,外连接
左外连接
查询所有员工的部门信息
select * from emp left join dept on emp.deptno = dept.deptno
右外连接
select * from emp right join dept on emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno(+) = dept.deptno;(Oracle中可以如此,)
3,外键
3.1 什么是外键
本质就是一种约束。
3.2 外键的四个约束
3.3 外键的条件
3.4 建立外键
3.4.1 建表的同时建外键
create table emp(
…
foreign key(外键字段) references dept(deptno)
)
3.4.2 建立表之后添加外键
alter table emp add foreign key(deptno) references dept(deptno)
3.4.3删除外键:
语法:alter table 表名称 drop foreign key 外键名称;
例:alter table empA drop foreign key empa_ibQk_1;
注意:如果没有在建表的时候标明外键名称,可以通过:
show create table 表名 进⾏查看外键名称;
4,子查询
4.1 标量子查询(子查询的结果是1行1列)
查询与egz同部门的员工信息
select * from emp where deptno = egz的部门号相等
select * from emp where deptno =(select deptno from emp where ename='egz')
4.2 列子查询(子查询的结果是N行1列)
查询与部门10工作岗位相同的员工信息
select * from emp where empjob in (select empjob from emp where deptno = 10)
4.3 行子查询(1行N列)
查询与egz部门和岗位都相同的员工信息
select * from emp where (deptno,empjob) = (select deptno,empjob from emp where ename='egz')
4.4 表子查询(N行N列)
查询与10号部门相同的岗位和上司的员工信息
select * from emp where (empjob,mgr) in (select empjob, mgr from emp where deptno = 10)
5,exists 存在
select * from emp where deptno =10 and exists
(select * from dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno and emp.deptno =20)
6, 派生表:子查询查询出来的表,叫虚表 放到from中就叫派生表
select emp.ename,emp.empjob,a.deptno,a.dname
from emp,(select deptno,dname from dept where deptno>10) a
where emp.deptno = a.deptno
7,union 与 union all
select * from emp
union
select * from emp
select * from emp
union all
select * from emp
select dept.* ,count(dept)from dept, emp;
select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
select dept.deptno, dept.dname,dept.loc,count(empno) from emp ,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno group by deptno;
实例的表:
create table DEPT
(
DEPTNO int(2) not null primary key,
DNAME VARCHAR(14),
LOC VARCHAR(13)
)
create table EMP
(
EMPNO int(4) not null,
ENAME VARCHAR(10),
EMPJOB VARCHAR(9),
MGR int(4),
HIREDATE DATE,
SAL decimal(7,2),
COMM decimal(7,2),
DEPTNO int(2)
)
create table SALGRADE
(
GRADE int not null primary key,
LOSAL decimal(7,2),
HISAL decimal(7,2)
)