ffmpeg和ffserver配合使用可以实现实时的流媒体服务，可以实时传输来自摄像头的数据，客户端可以采用HTTP、RTSP、RTP协议等播放视频流。
一、概念和流程
ffmpeg和ffserver配合使用涉及到四个概念：
1. ffmpeg，负责媒体文件的转码工作，把你服务器上的源媒体文件转换成要发送出去的流媒体文件。
2. ffserver，负责响应客户端的流媒体请求，把流媒体数据发送给客户端。
3. ffserver.conf，ffserver启动时的配置文件，在这个文件中主要是对网络协议，缓存文件feed1.ffm和要发送的流媒体文件的格式参数做具体的设定。
4. feed1.ffm，可以看成是一个流媒体数据的缓存文件，ffmpeg把转码好的数据发送给ffserver，如果没有客户端连接请求，ffserver把数据缓存到该文件中。
工作流程如下：
1、 启动ffserver，配置参数
ffserver先于ffmpeg启动，它在启动的时候需要加参数-f指定其配置文件，配置文件里包含端口信息、缓冲文件配置、传送流配置(如编码方式，帧率，采样率……)。
2、 启动ffmpeg，输入流
启动ffmpeg，向缓冲文件输入数据流，数据流可以来自摄像头，也可以来自本来就存在的文件。
feed1.ffm是一个缓冲文件，fserver启动后，feed1.ffm就会自动被创建，feed1.ffm开始的部分已经写入向客户端传送流的配置信息，在feed1.ffm做缓冲用的时候，这些信息是不会被覆盖掉。
ffmpeg启动的一个关键参数就是“http://ip:port/feed1.ffm”，其中ip是运行ffserver主机的ip，如果ffmpeg和ffserver都在同一系统中运行的话，用localhost或者127.0.0.1也行。ffmpeg启动后会与ffserver建立一个连接(短暂的连接)，通过这第一次的连接，ffmpeg从ffserver那里获取了向客户端输出流的配置，并把这些配置作为自己编码输出的配置，然后ffmpeg断开了这次连接，再次与ffserver建立连接(长久的连接)，利用这个连接ffmpeg会把编码后的数据发送给ffserver。如果你观察ffserver端的输出就会发现这段时间会出现两次HTTP的200，这就是两次连接的过程。
3、连接过程
ffmpeg从摄像头获取数据后，按照输出流的编码方式编码，然后发送给ffserver，ffserver收到ffmpeg的数据后，如果网络上没有播放的请求，就把数据写入feed1.ffm中缓存，写入时把数据加上些头信息然后分块，每块4096B（每块也有结构），当feed1.ffm的大小到了ffserver.conf中规定的大小后，就会从文件开始（跳过头）写入，覆盖旧的数据。直到网络上有播放的请求，ffserver从feed1.ffm中读取数据，发送给客户端。
二、配置与应用
ffserver可以配置为带缓冲或者不带缓冲，其中不带缓冲的只需要配置stream的位置，不需要feed和ffmpeg。
ffserver配置文件可以参考ffmpeg源码中的doc/ffserver.conf，里边有详细的注释。文件的结构可以分为头部信息、实时流信息、格式信息。
1、不带缓冲
最简单的配置文件如下
Port 9999
RTSPPort9990
BindAddress0.0.0.0
MaxClients1000
MaxBandwidth100000
CustomLog–
#只需要指定待播放的文件的路径以及格式信息即可
<Streamtest.flv>
File "/home/test.flv"
Format flv
</Stream>
#rtsp应用
<Streamtest.mpg>
File"myfile/testvideo/test.mpg"
Format rtp
</Stream>
命令符：
1. 在终端里输入ffserver -f /etc/ffserver.conf
2. 在浏览器里或者相关播放器地址里输入 http://ipAddr:port/test.flv
备注：1、Port为配置里面的9999，文件名直接输入流的文件名即可。
2、实际测试flv等格式都可以播放。
3、测试需要的test.flv的可以使用ffmpeg录制，命令是
ffmpeg -f v4l2 -s 320*240 -r 10 -i /dev/video2-vcodec flv /test.flv
2、带缓冲
配置文件如下
Port 9999
RTSPPort9990
BindAddress0.0.0.0
MaxClients1000
MaxBandwidth10000
CustomLog–
<Feed feed1.ffm>
File/tmp/feed1.ffm
FileMaxSize40k
ACL allow127.0.0.1
</Feed>
<Stream test.flv>
Feedfeed1.ffm
Formatflv
BitExact
DctFastint
IdctSimple
VideoFrameRate10
VideoSize320x240
VideoBitRate64
VideoGopSize10
NoAudio
PreRoll10
StartSendOnKey
MaxTime100
</Stream>
要点：
1、实时流数据配置，其中注意文件的位置，可以放到tmp文件夹下面，这样会被自动清理掉。
2、每个不同的流都来自feed1.ffm，因此配置越多的流，当执行的时候，会逐个转换，影响速度，一般不建议多配置。
3、ACL allow表示ip的地址范围，比如ACL allow 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
命令符：
1． 在终端里输入
ffserver -f/etc/ffserver.conf
2． a.若是文件方式则输入
ffmpeg -i/home/test.flv http://127.0.0.1:9999/test.flv
b.若是实时视频则输入
ffmpeg -fv4l2 -framerate 30 -i /dev/video2http://127.0.0.1:9999/feed1.ffm
3、运行客户端命令
http://192.168.1.230:9999/test.flv
rtsp://ip:port/rtsp.mpg
三、流的格式
文件的拓展名对应一定的格式，常用的有：
| 拓展名 |
格式 |
| flv |
flv |
| mp4 |
mp4 |
| mpg |
rtp |
|
|
libx264 |
| .asf |
asf |
| .mjpg |
mjpg |
| .jpg |
jpeg |
配置例子：
Multipart JPEG
| <Stream test.mjpg> Feed feed1.ffm Format mpjpeg VideoFrameRate 2 VideoIntraOnly NoAudio Strict -1 </Stream> |
Single JPEG
| <Stream test.jpg> Feed feed1.ffm Format jpeg VideoFrameRate 2 VideoIntraOnly VideoSize 352x240 NoAudio Strict -1 </Stream> |
Flash
| <Stream test.swf> Feed feed1.ffm Format swf VideoFrameRate 2 VideoIntraOnly NoAudio </Stream> |
ASF compatible
| <Stream test.asf> Feed feed1.ffm Format asf VideoFrameRate 15 VideoSize 352x240 VideoBitRate 256 VideoBufferSize 40 VideoGopSize 30 AudioBitRate 64 StartSendOnKey </Stream> |
MP3 audio
| <Stream test.mp3> Feed feed1.ffm Format mp2 AudioCodec mp3 AudioBitRate 64 AudioChannels 1 AudioSampleRate 44100 NoVideo </Stream> |
Ogg Vorbis audio
| <Stream test.ogg> Feed feed1.ffm Metadata title "Stream title" AudioBitRate 64 AudioChannels 2 AudioSampleRate 44100 NoVideo </Stream> |
Real with audio only at 32 kbits
| <Stream test.ra> Feed feed1.ffm Format rm AudioBitRate 32 NoVideo </Stream> |
Real with audio and video at 64 kbits
| <Stream test.rm> Feed feed1.ffm Format rm AudioBitRate 32 VideoBitRate 128 VideoFrameRate 25 VideoGopSize 25 </Stream> |
For stream coming from a file: you onlyneed to set the input filename and optionally a new format.
| <Stream file.rm> File "/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/tlive.rm" NoAudio </Stream> |
| <Stream file.asf> File "/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/test.asf" NoAudio Metadata author "Me" Metadata copyright "Super MegaCorp" Metadata title "Test stream from disk" Metadata comment "Test comment" </Stream> |
实测可行的例子
配置：
<Streammy.mp4>
Formatrtp
File"/home/my.mp4"
</Stream>
客户端命令 rtsp://192.168.1.230:9990/my.mp4
端口就是rtp的端口。使用http协议不能访问。
<Streamtest.mp4>
Feedfeed1.ffm
Formatrtp
BitExact
DctFastint
IdctSimple
VideoFrameRate10
VideoSize320x240
VideoBitRate64
VideoGopSize10
NoAudio
PreRoll10
StartSendOnKey
MaxTime100
</Stream>
ffmpeg -fv4l2 -r 10 -I /dev/video2 http://127.0.0.1:9999/feed1.ffm
客户端命令 rtsp://192.168.1.230:9990/test.mp4
<Streamlive.h264>
Formatrtp
Feedfeed1.ffm
VideoCodeclibx264
VideoFrameRate24
VideoBitRate100
VideoSize480x272
AVPresetVideodefault
AVPresetVideobaseline
AVOptionVideoflags +global_header
AudioCodeclibfaac
AudioBitRate32
AudioChannels2
AudioSampleRate22050
AVOptionAudioflags +global_header
</Stream>
使用H.264编码时，使用命令
ffmpeg -f v4l2 -s 176*144 -r 2 -i /dev/video0-vcodec libx264 http://192.168.1.6:8090/feed1.ffm
ffmpeg-f v4l2 -s 176*144 -r 2 -vpre libx264-hq.ffpreset -i /dev/video0 -vcodeclibx264http://localhost:8090/feed1.ffm
ffmpeg-f v4l2 -s 176*144 -r 10 -vpre libx264-hq.ffpreset-i /dev/video0 -vcodec libx264 -f rtprtp://192.168.1.105:6060 > /tmp/x264.sdp
四、协议
HTTP协议的地址格式为：
http://ffserver_ip_address:http_port/stream_name[options]
RTSP协议的地址格式为：
http://ffserver_ip_address:rtsp_port/stream_name[options]
Sampleffserver configuration file
Port 8090
BindAddress 0.0.0.0
MaxHTTPConnections 2000
MaxClients 1000
MaxBandwidth 1000
CustomLog -
##################################################################
<Feed feed1.ffm>
# ffmpeg http://localhost:8090/feed1.ffm
File /tmp/feed1.ffm
FileMaxSize 200K
ACL allow 127.0.0.1
</Feed>
##################################################################
<Stream test1.mpg>
Feed feed1.ffm
# Format of the stream : you can choose among:
# mpeg : MPEG-1 multiplexed video and audio
# mpegvideo : only MPEG-1 video
# mp2 : MPEG-2 audio (use AudioCodec to select layer 2 and 3 codec)
# ogg : Ogg format (Vorbis audio codec)
# rm : RealNetworks-compatible stream. Multiplexed audio and video.
# ra : RealNetworks-compatible stream. Audio only.
# mpjpeg : Multipart JPEG (works with Netscape without any plugin)
# jpeg : Generate a single JPEG image.
# asf : ASF compatible streaming (Windows Media Player format).
# swf : Macromedia Flash compatible stream
# avi : AVI format (MPEG-4 video, MPEG audio sound)
Format mpeg
# Bitrate for the audio stream. Codecs usually support only a few
# different bitrates.
AudioBitRate 32
# Number of audio channels: 1 = mono, 2 = stereo
AudioChannels 1
# Sampling frequency for audio. When using low bitrates, you should
# lower this frequency to 22050 or 11025. The supported frequencies
# depend on the selected audio codec.
AudioSampleRate 44100
# Bitrate for the video stream
VideoBitRate 64
# Ratecontrol buffer size
VideoBufferSize 40
# Number of frames per second
VideoFrameRate 3
# Size of the video frame: WxH (default: 160x128)
# The following abbreviations are defined: sqcif, qcif, cif, 4cif, qqvga,
# qvga, vga, svga, xga, uxga, qxga, sxga, qsxga, hsxga, wvga, wxga, wsxga,
# wuxga, woxga, wqsxga, wquxga, whsxga, whuxga, cga, ega, hd480, hd720,
# hd1080
VideoSize 160x128
# Transmit only intra frames (useful for low bitrates, but kills frame rate).
#VideoIntraOnly
# If non-intra only, an intra frame is transmitted every VideoGopSize
# frames. Video synchronization can only begin at an intra frame.
VideoGopSize 12
# More MPEG-4 parameters
# VideoHighQuality
# Video4MotionVector
# Choose your codecs:
#AudioCodec mp2
#VideoCodec mpeg1video
# Suppress audio
#NoAudio
# Suppress video
#NoVideo
#VideoQMin 3
#VideoQMax 31
# Set this to the number of seconds backwards in time to start. Note that
# most players will buffer 5-10 seconds of video, and also you need to allow
# for a keyframe to appear in the data stream.
#Preroll 15
# ACL:
# You can allow ranges of addresses (or single addresses)
#ACL ALLOW <first address>
# You can deny ranges of addresses (or single addresses)
#ACL DENY <first address>
# You can repeat the ACL allow/deny as often as you like. It is on a per
# stream basis. The first match defines the action. If there are no matches,
# then the default is the inverse of the last ACL statement.
#
# Thus 'ACL allow localhost' only allows access from localhost.
# 'ACL deny 1.0.0.0 1.255.255.255' would deny the whole of network 1 and
# allow everybody else.
</Stream>
##################################################################
# Example streams
# Multipart JPEG
#<Stream test.mjpg>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format mpjpeg
#VideoFrameRate 2
#VideoIntraOnly
#NoAudio
#Strict -1
#</Stream>
# Single JPEG
#<Stream test.jpg>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format jpeg
#VideoFrameRate 2
#VideoIntraOnly
##VideoSize 352x240
#NoAudio
#Strict -1
#</Stream>
# Flash
#<Stream test.swf>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format swf
#VideoFrameRate 2
#VideoIntraOnly
#NoAudio
#</Stream>
# ASF compatible
<Stream test.asf>
Feed feed1.ffm
Format asf
VideoFrameRate 15
VideoSize 352x240
VideoBitRate 256
VideoBufferSize 40
VideoGopSize 30
AudioBitRate 64
StartSendOnKey
</Stream>
# MP3 audio
#<Stream test.mp3>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format mp2
#AudioCodec mp3
#AudioBitRate 64
#AudioChannels 1
#AudioSampleRate 44100
#NoVideo
#</Stream>
# Ogg Vorbis audio
#<Stream test.ogg>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Title "Stream title"
#AudioBitRate 64
#AudioChannels 2
#AudioSampleRate 44100
#NoVideo
#</Stream>
# Real with audio only at 32 kbits
#<Stream test.ra>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format rm
#AudioBitRate 32
#NoVideo
#NoAudio
#</Stream>
# Real with audio and video at 64 kbits
#<Stream test.rm>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format rm
#AudioBitRate 32
#VideoBitRate 128
#VideoFrameRate 25
#VideoGopSize 25
#NoAudio
#</Stream>
##################################################################
# A stream coming from a file: you only need to set the input
# filename and optionally a new format. Supported conversions:
# AVI -> ASF
#<Stream file.rm>
#File "/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/tlive.rm"
#NoAudio
#</Stream>
#<Stream file.asf>
#File "/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/test.asf"
#NoAudio
#Author "Me"
#Copyright "Super MegaCorp"
#Title "Test stream from disk"
#Comment "Test comment"
#</Stream>
##################################################################
# RTSP examples
#
# You can access this stream with the RTSP URL:
# rtsp://localhost:5454/test1-rtsp.mpg
#
# A non-standard RTSP redirector is also created. Its URL is:
# http://localhost:8090/test1-rtsp.rtsp
#<Stream test1-rtsp.mpg>
#Format rtp
#File "/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/test1.mpg"
#</Stream>
# Transcode an incoming live feed to another live feed,
# using libx264 and video presets
#<Stream live.h264>
#Format rtp
#Feed feed1.ffm
#VideoCodec libx264
#VideoFrameRate 24
#VideoBitRate 100
#VideoSize 480x272
#AVPresetVideo default
#AVPresetVideo baseline
#AVOptionVideo flags +global_header
#
#AudioCodec libfaac
#AudioBitRate 32
#AudioChannels 2
#AudioSampleRate 22050
#AVOptionAudio flags +global_header
#</Stream>
##################################################################
# SDP/multicast examples
#
# If you want to send your stream in multicast, you must set the
# multicast address with MulticastAddress. The port and the TTL can
# also be set.
#
# An SDP file is automatically generated by ffserver by adding the
# 'sdp' extension to the stream name (here
# http://localhost:8090/test1-sdp.sdp). You should usually give this
# file to your player to play the stream.
#
# The 'NoLoop' option can be used to avoid looping when the stream is
# terminated.
#<Stream test1-sdp.mpg>
#Format rtp
#File "/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/test1.mpg"
#MulticastAddress 224.124.0.1
#MulticastPort 5000
#MulticastTTL 16
#NoLoop
#</Stream>
##################################################################
# Special streams
# Server status
<Stream stat.html>
Format status
# Only allow local people to get the status
ACL allow localhost
ACL allow 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
#FaviconURL http://pond1.gladstonefamily.net:8080/favicon.ico
</Stream>
# Redirect index.html to the appropriate site
<Redirect index.html>
URL http://www.ffmpeg.org/
</Redirect>