Python 进程和线程 01 多进程、多线程

1 多进程(multiprocessing)

1.1 Unix/Linux操作系统
import os

print('process (%s) start....' % os.getpid())

pid = os.fork() # 返回子进程的ID

if pid == 0:
    print('i am child process (%s) and my parent is (%s).' % (os.getpid(), os.getppid()))
else:
    print('i (%s) just created a child process (%s)' % (os.getpid(), pid))

# 运行结果:
process (12170) start....
i (12170) just created a child process (12171)
i am child process (12171) and my parent is (12170).

注意:

  • fork() 函数,调用一次,返回两次。因为操作系统自动把当前进程(父进程)复制了一份(子进程),然后分别在父进程和子进程内返回。
  • 子进程返回0,父进程返回子进程的ID。子进程通过getppid()方法可以获取父进程的ID。
  • Windows系统上不能使用fork()。
1.2 Windows操作系统
# multiprocessing是跨平台的多进程模块
from multiprocessing import Process
import os

# 子进程要执行的代码
def run_proc(name):
    print('Run child process %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid()))

if __name__=='__main__':
    print('Parent process %s.' % os.getpid())
    # 传入子进程方法
    p = Process(target=run_proc, args=('test',))
    print('Child process will start.')
    # 开启子进程
    p.start()
    p.join() # 等待子进程结束后再往下运行,常用于进程间同步
    print('Child process end.')
1.3 Pool(进程池)
from multiprocessing import Pool
import os, time, random

# 子进程代码
def long_time_task(name):
    print('run task %s (%s) ....' % (name, os.getpid()))
    start = time.time()
    time.sleep(random.random() * 3)
    end = time.time()
    print('task %s runs %0.2f seconds.' % (name, (end - start)))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    print('parent process %s ' % os.getpid())

    p = Pool(4)  # pool默认值为CPU核数

    for i in range(5):
        p.apply_async(long_time_task, args=(i,))

    print('waiting for all subprocesses done...')

    p.close() # 调用close()后就不能继续添加process了
    p.join() # 调用join()之前要调用close()
    print('all subprocesses done.')
1.4 进程间通信
from multiprocessing import Process,Queue
import os,time,random
'在父进程中创建两个子进程,一个向queue中写数据,一个读数据'

# 写数据进程代码
def write(q):
    print('process to write: %s' %os.getpid())
    for value in ['a','b','c']:
        print('put %s to queue...' % value)
        q.put(value)
        time.sleep(random.random())

# 读数据进程代码
def read(q):
    print('process to read: %s ' % os.getpid())
    while True:
        value=q.get(True)
        print('get %s from queue' % value)

if __name__ =='__main__':
    # 1 父进程创建queue,并传给各个子进程
    q=Queue()
    pw=Process(target=write,args=(q,))
    pr=Process(target=read,args=(q,))
    # 2 启动子进程pw,写入数据
    pw.start()
    # 3 启动子进程pr,读取数据
    pr.start()
    # 4 等待pw结束
    pw.join()
    # 5 pr进程是死循环,需要强行终止
    pr.terminate()

运行结果:

process to write: 12661
put a to queue...
process to read: 12662 
get a from queue
put b to queue...
get b from queue
put c to queue...
get c from queue

2 多线程

2.1 创建线程并运行
import time, threading

# 线程执行代码
def loop():
    print('thread %s is running...' % threading.current_thread().name)
    n = 0
    while n < 5:
        n = n + 1
        print('thread %s >>> %s' % (threading.current_thread().name, n))
        time.sleep(1)
    print('thread %s ended.' % threading.current_thread().name)


print('thread %s is running...' % threading.current_thread().name)
t = threading.Thread(target=loop, name='LoopThread')
t.start()
t.join()
print('thread %s ended.' % threading.current_thread().name)

运行结果:


thread MainThread is running...
thread LoopThread is running...
thread LoopThread >>> 1
thread LoopThread >>> 2
thread LoopThread >>> 3
thread LoopThread >>> 4
thread LoopThread >>> 5
thread LoopThread ended.
thread MainThread ended.
2.2 Lock(锁)
import threading

balance = 0

def change_it(n):
    global balance
    balance = balance + n
    balance = balance - n

# 创建一个锁
lock = threading.Lock()

def run_thread(n):
    for i in range(100):
        # 获取锁
        lock.acquire()
        try:
            change_it(n)
        finally:
            # 释放锁
            lock.release()

t1 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread, args=(5,))
t2 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread, args=(8,))

t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()

print(balance)

注意:

  • 获得锁的线程用完后一定要释放锁,否则会成为死线程。
  • 锁的好处:确保某段关键代码只能由一个线程从头到尾完整地执行。
  • 锁的坏处:阻止了多线程并发执行,效率低;存在多个锁时,若有嵌套,可能会有死锁发生。
  • Python解释器执行代码时,有一个GIL锁:Global Interpreter Lock,任何Python线程在执行前,都必须后去GIL锁,没执行100条字节码,解释器就自动释放GIL锁,让别的线程有机会执行。
  • 这个GIL全局锁实际上把所有线程的执行代码都给上了锁,所以,多线程在Python中只能交替执行,即使100个线程跑在100核CPU上,也只能用到1个核。

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转载自blog.csdn.net/lihaogn/article/details/81281084